考研试题库

现在对于参加考研的学生来说，最关注的就是今年的考研究竟难不难呢？因此你便会看到很多学生自从考场回到学校讨论的问题都是以今年的考研难度为主线，有的学生表示今年的考研试题是真的难，但也有一部分考生表示今年的试题还是相对来说比较容易一些，那么到底是难还是不难呢？或许我们那些二战考研的学生更加有发言权吧！据了解很多二战考研的学生表示，今年的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题来说还是要容易很多的。我想凡是关注考研的学生来说，都清楚18考研的试题难度，拿数学来说，18考研的数学试题所考察的知识点都有超纲的知识点，这难倒了诸多的考生，所以18考研数学考试结束后，是真的有很多学生便放弃了后续的考试了，选择放弃了，因为数学这一单科成绩已经是没戏了。更为重要的是在2月公布的研究生招生考试的最低分数线中，数学的最低分数线下降了非常的多，所以这足以说明18考研数学试题非常的难。但对于今年的数学试题来说，二战考研的学生表示难度不是没有但是相对于去年的考研数学已经是简单了很多了，所以他们认为今年的数学相对容易一些。此外，今年的英语试题上，虽然有几个单词考研学生表示不认识，阅读理解不会做，新题型不会做等诸多情况，但是从目前的情况来看今年的英语试题相对于去年的英语试题还是有一定的下降。二战考研的学生也表示，今年的英语试题有难度，但是绝对没有18考研的难，因为去年他们在做英语的时候不管是作文还是阅读，或者还是新题型都是非常的难，最后在所公布的英语单科国家线上也明显的体现了出来，18英语单科线相对于17年英语单科线整整下降了两分。所以，从那些二战考研的学生得出的结论是相对于去年的考研来说，今年的考研还是比较容易的，但是依然非常的有一定的难度。或许这些二战考研的学生，对于今年的考研试题会更加的有清晰的认识，毕竟参加了去年的硕士研究生招生考试，有了一定的对比，因此大致可以确定今年 的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题还是比较简单一些的。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

当大家决定考研的那一刻起，是否又觉得毫无头绪，不知如何去复习准备，到处找相关信息，尤其是自己想考的学校专业考研信息，但是考研信息网上又不是很全面，有的可能比较幸运会有考研经验看看，多多少少会给自己带来一些头绪，但大多还是不全的，今天给大家一个分享一个考研资料查询的网站——考研文库。这个网站是新祥旭考研创建的，为广大考研学生提供方便查询各个学校专业信息的。新祥旭做了十五年的考研一对一辅导，师资力量很强，很多考上的学长学姐都会在新祥旭考研文库上传一些经验和资料，以下这篇考研经验就是新祥旭考研文库的。考研的同学想查院校专业信息可以去考研文库这个网站看看。先介绍一下自己，我本科是西北农林科技大学，环境科学专业，一志愿中科院生态环境研究中心，2018年分数347（英语72，数学108，专业课110，政治57），过了复试线因为觉得不想一直做研究但是放弃调剂去了中国矿业大学（北京）。院校专业选择篇生态所水污染控制方向全国数一数二，每年报考能有80多个人，专硕加学硕能录取20多个（报考的时候可以先报学硕，分数不够还可以调剂专硕，但专硕调剂就相对困难一点），还会有几个可以调剂到生态，因此报录比大概能在三分之一，已经很高了，一般只要能进复试就不太会被刷，但是分数低有可能调剂到生态或者化学专业，专业排名高，相对好考，三年都在北京，这是我选择它的理由。因此开始选择了它，但是因为在中科院更多的像一个在职的研究员，基本只能做科研，而我初试后做毕设进了实验室，发现自己不太适合蹲实验室，因此我选择了调剂，去了选择更多的高校。大家一定要吸取我的教训，好好审视自己是不是真的适合做科研。初试备考篇在备考时间方面个人比较推荐的是从大三结束的那个暑假开始大概是7月份，接近6个月，时间比较充裕也不至于把战线拉的太长。下面我说说我的备考方法。首先是英语，学硕一般是英语一，比英二略难，英语最重要的一点就是单词，最重要的事情说三遍，单词！单词！单词！不用太在意长难句，如果词都认识，再有基本的语法储备，阅读不是大问题。每天都要背单词，我不建议直接拿着书背，根本记不住，记住也不会用，把题目中不会的词查一下，加入有道词典的单词本，这样可以随时都能看一看，记住的单词都会用，保证了单词的最大利用，也可以看网课，推荐朱伟恋恋有词及配套书目，前两个月每天花1个小时刷恋恋有词，再花一个小时精读一篇真题阅读(推荐何凯文阅读及长难句)，并记住不会的词，总结同义替换和熟词新义，对于写作也很有帮助，中间两个月开始隔天刷一套近15-20年真题（推荐陈正康真题超精读系列，这套书最大的亮点是单词总结的很精准，可以节省大量总结时间，做题技巧可以和前面的何凯文系列取长补短），第一天做，第二天总结并精读题目中的单词并练习写作，作文想初步提高也挺容易的，不需要用太花哨的词汇和语法，确定好几个语法。比如虚拟语气，状语从句，每次写作文时都刻意的去写这几个确定了的语法，词汇不用太难，但是要广，注意同意替换。后面一个多月偶尔刷套题保持手感就可以了。数学是拉分的关键，我考的是数二，不建议张宇的除了预测卷之外的任何资料，太花哨，用到一半弃了，李永乐的复习全书以及配套660题比较好，稳扎稳打，尤其是线性代数部分真的很好，两个月要把全书结合课本刷完，建议自己把高数和线性代数自己总结出一个大纲，将知识点整理归纳分类，这一步可以让你后期刷真题的时候能够很容易的回顾书中的知识，然后中间两个月刷15-20年真题，真题太重要了，至少要刷3遍，总结思路和错题。最后一个多月可以做些预测卷保持手感和适应新题型（李林的预测题一定要做，宁可信其有不可信其无）。政治的话想得高分不太容易，肖老的精讲精练太厚，太费时间，等风中劲草出来以后把它过一遍，不要占用太多时间，最后一个多月中拿出一半时间过风中劲草，剩下时间背下来肖四肖八，政治五六十分没问题。（考研政治的基本情况是只要能把肖四肖八背熟，过线都不成问题，所以放到最后两个月不要看别人都复习了发慌，政治拉不开分，不如时间多放在数学上）生态所环境工程水污染控制方向专业课参考书目是水质工程学上下册、给水工程、排水工程，一般无计算题，都是背的内容，这四本书重点在两本水质工程学，给水工程、排水工程太厚，里面很多东西都和水质工程学重复，只需看考研大纲（生态中心官网上有）里列出的但是水质工程学里没有的章节即可，专业课是信息战，前人总结专业课资料和真题参考价值很大，生态所环境工程有一波生态所的在读研究生专门在做这个资料，他们出的一本复习全书大概200多页，对于考点的覆盖率很高，全部吃透100分以上不是问题，在读研究生现在是在新祥旭考研一对一辅导机构做兼职老师，报他们的专业课一对一辅导班后资料是免费赠送的。建议在第3-4个月过一遍参考书目，结合考研大纲和真题总结知识点，将书读薄，再结合买来的资料查漏补缺，这一阶段无需背诵，理解即可，和政治一样放到最后一个多月集中背诵自己总结的知识点，高频考点要熟记，低频考点要能理解意思用自己的话写出来，细枝末节有精力的话都过一遍，有点印象，万一考到也能答上一部分。总结：第1-2个月主要任务，记单词，练习精读英语阅读，做李永乐全书打好基础。第3-4个月，刷英语和数学真题，并总结解题技巧规律，总结专业课资料。最后一个多月，集中背政治和专业课，偶尔做英语真题和数学预测卷保持手感。最后强调一遍，单词每天都要记，过了最初两个月可以减少单词任务量，但是还是要每天记。一些小建议：在复习的过程中，我们最大的敌人就是自己，每周给自己留一天休息，社交，其他时间一定要坚持住，可以找个研友相互鼓励，个人觉得有个伴儿还是挺好的，互相激励，数学的复习过程中经常会遇到看不懂的情况，一定要学会问，闭门造车效率很低，而且真题做多了，可能会让自己膨胀，因为平时做的练习题大部分都是根据真题改编的，因此做真题的时候会比较顺手，但是一遇到新题可能会不适应，所以一定要做一些预测卷，英语还是一点要坚持，政治一般没什么问题，好好背就好了，专业课不能死记硬背，一定要成系统，理解第一，污水处理中有很多工艺环环相扣，比如预处理+A20+深度处理，要把这一系列的工艺结合起来系统性的理解记忆，这样记得既快又牢。调剂复试篇：因为我最后决定调剂去中国矿业大学（北京），所以只参加了它的复试，在说复试之前我先说一下调剂的一些情况吧。要提前估计一下自己的初试情况，如果不稳又不想二战，就要开始两手准备了，可以去考研帮和小木虫上搜集以下往年一些院校的调剂情况，初步定几个学校，多关注他们的官网，不同学校的调剂开始时间不同。调剂最主要的因素就是城市，因为能调剂的学校水平都差不多，专业也不会太好，这个时候只能放眼于城市了，像北上广这些地方的学校资源会比其他地方的好很多。值得一提的是有些211学校会有一个优秀生源调剂，专门招一些985出身的没有考好的同学，这个是不会占用他们表面上的名额，所以如果进了复试，基本就稳了。我就是走的这个，不过复试流程和普通考生是一样的。矿大复试分为三部分，专业课笔试，英语面试和专业课面试。专业课笔试从2020考研开始就只能考环境工程学了，环境化学被取消了，但是好好看看这本书，再找一找往年真题，大部分内容准备初试的时候都会涉及到，再熟悉一下就可以了，问题不大，而且题目是选做（比如十个选六个），极大地增加了得分的可能，题目偏矿井水和含油废水处理的多一些。英文面试先是自我介绍，然后两人一组抽取一个话题（生活中常见的一些小问题）进行辩论，听起来有点难，但是不用怕，大家口语都没那么好，只要你敢大声开口说就先赢了一半。专业课面试要好好表现，进门先抽题，从一堆纸条中抽出三道题（题目覆盖面很广，就没什么好准备的了）进行作答，不会也没关系，重要的是要有自己的想法，然后老师会问一些有关你本科做过什么实验和项目，毕设做的什么等问题，大家如实作答就可以，自信一点这关也很好过。矿大复试基本不刷人！！！！以上，就是我的一些备考经验。考研就像是一杯茶，入口苦，但是只苦一阵子，苦完之后的回甘会绵绵不绝。预祝大家都能考上心仪的学校。

2020考研初试已经结束了，紧张复习了一年时间，终于可以稍微放松下了，紧绷的神经也得到了休息，休息过后，大家还有好好准备下复试，不管知不知道考试成绩，也要好好准备下，本校本专业的考生可能不需要过多准备，但是那些跨专业跨地区跨院校考试的考生，可是要好好的准备了。初试过后，各种真题资源及答案满天飞，不过有的题目不准，有的没有答案，有的缺少试题。今天给大家来过来的也是真题，完整高清版本，可以拿去打印。想要获取历年真题资料PDF版的可以评论留言获取。2020考研真题：政治真题及答案解析，高清完整版来源：文都（免责及版权声明：仅供个人研究学习，不涉及商业盈利，如有侵权请及时联系删除，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表本号立场）

2020考研再有十天左右就要开考，现在考研已经进入了最后复习阶段。很多考研学生都在担心今年的考研试题难度会不会变，怕试题难度加大自己考试成绩分数低过不了国家线，因此心理压力有些大。那么2020考研考试试题难度可能会哪些变化呢？作为老师，结合自己近几年对考研的观察，认为考生需要注意这四点变化。具体内容如下。第一，考研英语一阅读难度可能会提高。2019考研英语一的阅读理解和新题型的难度比2018年的难度相差无几，2019年全国英语一的平均分是48.59分，2018年的平均分是48.61分，因此二者难度持平。但是考虑到2019年的考研英语国家线很多专业已经提高了5分左右，而随着今年考研报考人数的继续增加，如果难度不变，那么考研英语国家线还会继续提高，因此意味着2020考研英语试题难度将会提高，以发挥考研英语的门槛作用。第二，政治选择题难度略有提高，材料题难度一般。从2019考研政治试题分析来看，单选题的难度并不大，而多选题的个别题有一定的难度，材料题难度一般，考生结合平时学习的内容就可以轻松得分。而从2020考研来看，考研政治更会侧重时事政治类试题的考察，这类试题内容多，考生不容易区分，因此在多选题部分难度会有所提高。而在单选部分政治经济学内容的考察可能会难度加大。而材料题的难度预计和往年持平。第三，数学难度可能会提高。从近五年的考研数学分数线来看，无论是数一、数二，还是数三，试题难度大概都是偶数年份难度略高，而奇数年份难度低一些。这一点可以从数学全国平均分可以看出来，2016年数学平均分比2015年低，2017年数学平均分又比2016年高，而2018年的数学平均分又比2017年分数要低，2019年数学平均分要比2018年数学平均分高。结合这几年的分数线变化来看，预计2020考研数学的难度将会略有提高，数学平均分将会比2019年的分数要低一些。第四，专业课难度呈现“两极分化”。回顾2019考研，可以看到一些自主划线的大学，他们的专业课分数线不是特别高，而且很多学生的专业课考试成绩甚至低于学校规定的分数线。但是反观一些普通大学的专业课考试，可以发现这些学校的专业课考试成绩都特别的高，而且随着招生难度的加大，预计2020考研普通大学的专业课考试难度不会太高，但是985等大学的考研专业课试题难度将会有一定的难度。对于2020考研，大家还有哪些问题和看法呢？

让不少学生紧张了好久的一年一度的考研，终于在上周落下了帷幕，不少学生纷纷表示自己终于可以歇息两天了。接近三百万的考研学生，为了这一场考试早起晚睡几个月。在考试前，这一次的考试还被评为是史上考研最难的一年，报考人数比往年多得多，可想而知压力会有多大了，但是今年却不是最难的考研年，而是最乱的考研年。按理来说，考研的重要性不亚于高考，所以每年的考试也是很公平公正的，因为这种考试跟普通的期末考试不一样，这是需要经过层层筛选和把关的，按理说是不允许出现有答案、考题泄露的，更别说连试卷都印刷错的这种低级错误了。然后今年倒好，不该出现的通通出现了 。相信刷微博的大家都知道了，前几天山东省教育厅在微博发了公告，由于考研时出现试题错误，山东师范大学和青岛理工大学不小心将答案发给了考生，造成了这种低级错误的发生，对考生造成了很大程度的影响，这属于严重的事故，虽然目前，山东教育厅已经对相关负责人停职了，但是这件事目前为止还在调查当中。考研这场考试有多重要相信大家都知道，能够将试题泄露试题印错，只能证明那个考场的学校对这件事有多么的敷衍，这恐怕可以算是考研史上第一次闹出的大笑话了，可见学校在对待考研考试的态度是很有问题的。但是你以为就山东出错了？Nonono，还有呢，网上曝出电子科技大学这所985大学也出现了《固体物理》试题出现偏差，将重新组织补考，不少考生表示自己只能在考场呆坐三小时。这种低级错误都能犯，影响考生情绪谁负责呢？就算是可以重新补考，但这件事对考生或者以后的考生造成了多大的心理负担？谁去了这所大学考试不害怕呢？这还不算完，网上再次曝出西南大学的考研试题早已泄露，每年这种新闻其实都很多，每次大型考试总有不法分子以为可以从中赚取利润，不惜铤而走险，让一场公平的考试变成利益的趋势。目前西南大学也已经发出公告，针对此事件开始着手调查，不管事情是真是假，还是希望西南大学可以将结果及时得告诉人民群众，也给所有在西南大学考研的学生一个公平的回答。这场考研是接近三百万学子实现自己学业梦想的一个考试，还是希望有关部门可以重视，还考生们一个公平，还考研一片蓝天，不过也有知情微博表示已有五所大学出现类似问题，也不知道究竟是否属实，对于今年这场考研，你有什么想说的吗？

2020年考研初试才刚刚落下帷幕，然而2021考研党却都已经开始了图书馆抢座之战。似乎前些年考研还没有频频上热搜，成为众多大学生的选择。但是近几年却可以明显感受到考研已经成为了大三大四同学的一个不可忽略的去向。无论你是想考还是不想考，考研都在那里成为了你必须考虑的一个选项。随着考研热度上升，报名人数节节攀高，试题难度也开始逐渐让一众考研人欲哭无泪。今天，我们就从刚刚结束的2020考研试题难度入手，给2021年的考研党分析一下考情，做到心中有数。一、政治难度比去年大今年的政治选择题难度整体是有略微提升的，分析题虽是在情理之中，但是答案内容专业度还是比较高的，想靠抄材料或者蒙着写，那在今年一定是比较危险的。当然单选题也有个别题目极为简单，基本就属于完全送分题。但是多选题今年却出现了很多送命题，很多题你觉得是全选，但是偏偏就会有一个选项是错误的，关键是你还很难看出来。最后只能在多选题中左一个二分，右一个二分地栽跟头，导致选择也没能拿到一个好分数。这时，倘若五道大题还都是你没背过的，那么今年政治这一科失误就重大了。在此给2021考研党提个醒，不要小瞧政治，该背一定要早点背，多背，不要仅靠着市面上的一些最后几套押题卷，就觉得自己妥了，其实最后很可能光政治一科就与你的对手差十几分，得不偿失。而且就2020考研政治考情分析可见，2021年也绝不会太过简单。二、英语一与去年难度持平，英语二难度明显提升英语是属于考完后，一直挂在热搜很难下去的一科，这主要就在于其难度真的吓退很多人。以前很多同学觉得英语二比英语一简单，所以选择考英语二的专业。然而今年不幸的消息就是英语二也明显提高了难度，英语一依旧保持其高标准的水平。所以对于大部分同学来说，只要你考研，英语这一大难题是很难躲掉的。建议2021考研的同学寒假就开始着手背单词，分析句子，英语早些准备，其最后结果一定不会太差。但是如果你想把英语当成一门临阵磨枪式的科目来学习的话，那考研成功的概率可就大大减小了。三、数学难度可与18年最难试题相较数学考试对于大部分同学来说是从小就最忌怕的一门考试。然而对于很多专业来讲，数学是必考科目，真是想躲也躲不开的。在考研数学史上，2018年的试题就难出了新高度，而今年竟然是直逼18年难度的。很多同学考完数学就已经心灰意冷，觉得考上的希望更渺茫了。所以对于2021考研的同学来说，如果你也要考数学，那么请你从现在就开始准备吧。这绝不是危言耸听，依照这样的形势来看，2021数学只会更难。四、专业课从未简单说到专业课的学习和考试，那绝对都是一个头两个大。很少有人会觉得自己专业课简单，基本都是一边背一边哭，熬过来的。专业课因为大家考的都不同，所以也没有办法做共性分析。但是值得一提就是随着考研人数越来越多，但是院校名额却并未增加，所以各院校提高试题难度，优中选优是很有可能的。如果此刻你已经确定了院校，那么寒假就开始看看书吧，因为也许你的竞争对手都已经看过一遍，准备着手背了。考研不易，众所周知。但是大家依旧坚持选择这条路，可见其蕴含的巨大价值还是很吸引人的。所以，不要因为它难而放弃，而是应该迎难而上，最终一定有你意想不到的收获。希望2021考研的同学们可以拿出勇气，坚持一年，克服困难，有心人终成硕士。

交白卷和看到答案的考生2019年研究生考试各种奇葩新闻2019年的硕士研究生考试已经结束，然而在网络中曝光的各种奇葩新闻却有点让人拉眼睛，辛苦一年努力复习的考生们在普通高校山东师大遇到了带答案的试卷，而985高校的电子科技大学居然把专业课的试卷发错，面对发错的试卷，考生们只能枯坐3小时，最后无奈交白卷，从中国的普通高校到985高校，都已经把说硕士研究生考试不当回事，用中国的依据俗语，当你对别人不当回事的时候，别人也会对你不当回事，当高校自己都对研究生考试不当回事的时候，那么如何要求高校的导师们对研究生培育当回事？中国高等教育堪忧中国的高等教育堪忧最近几年，中国的全国研究生统考频繁出现泄题事件，那么对于高校的专业考试来说，那么更是一种敷衍差事，山西师范大学的老师们甚至懒得去重新出题，直接把去年的试卷拿来直接对考生进行考核，当被网络曝光时，校方才无奈地通知考生在12月26日重新考试，高校的教授们遇到不断扩招的生源，以及高校的各种变态考核制度，在年底疲于应付各项考核的老师们只能通过敷衍试卷来变相地抗议，不在高校的人们，不会感受到高校的各种考核评价体系的变态，从财务审核报销到繁忙的各种会晤，加上年底的科研考核申报，中国高校的教授们都疲于应对，严进宽出的硕士研究生已经成为常态，自从研究生自费开始，高校都通过各种手段想要提高研究生的招收数量，清华和北大等很多高校研究生数量早已超越了本科生数量，清华北大金本科、银硕士、铜博士并不是没有道理，中国的高等教育质量堪忧！高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽最近针对研究生考试，小编写了大量文章，通过高校和社会的一些现象来探讨目前中国研究生学位的含金量，针对网红考研教师张雪峰的言论写过《中国高等教育的悲哀：把考研辅导班竟然办成了一项产业！》的文章，也根据中国就业市场报告写过《高校辅导员也要求博士毕业！难道中国高学历就业市场已经饱和？》的文章，更多的是针对目前中国高等教育体系内研究生和导师们的相互吐槽，中国应试教育培养的研究生们认为自己被导师当成佣人，处处为难自己，以至于中国的研究生都称自己的导师为老板，而中国的高校的教授们却吐槽中国的研究生生源质量太差，需要导师当保姆式的帮助，本来可以自己查文献的事情，也需要导师去帮着找资料，实验需要导师催促着去做，甚至连毕业论文都需要导师帮着去写。很多人在小编文章下留言说小编观点的错误，其实这是由于中国高校研究生教育质量差异造成的，很多不具备研究生导师资格的导师靠着压迫学生去完成工作，而很多名校的导师们都具备有海外留学宽进严出的经历，他们对比自己在海外全靠自己的主动时学习，国内的研究生们面对严进宽出，他们对待科研实验失去热情，只想获得一纸名校的毕业证，这也是为何江苏一名高校教授痛心疾首地说：“自己花费20多万培养的研究生却去苏宁当了销售！”因此，当你觉得某些观点不正确的时候，也许你观察事物站的角度可能不同，当你换一个角度，重新审视某一事物时，你就会发现自己曾今的错误观点，欢迎大家留言吐槽！

1在己二酸和己二醇缩聚反应中加入0.4%的对甲苯磺酸起到的作用是（　　）。[武汉理工大学2010研]A．控制分子量B．提高聚合速率C．链转移剂D．封端【答案】B查看答案【解析】在己二酸和己二醇缩聚反应中，对甲苯磺酸相当于反应的催化剂，能提高聚合速率。2等摩尔二元醇和二元酸进行缩聚，如平衡常数为400，在密闭体系内反应，不除去副产物水，反应程度为（　　）。[武汉理工大学2010研]A．0.9B．0.92C．0.95D．1.0【答案】C查看答案【解析】由题意得：缩聚反应在密闭体系中进行代入数据得反应程度为0.95，故选C。3工业上为了合成聚碳酸酯可采用（　　）聚合方法。[江苏大学2016研]A．熔融缩聚B．界面缩聚C．溶液缩聚D．固相缩聚【答案】AB查看答案【解析】酯交换法合成聚碳酸酯多采用熔融聚合，光气直接法合成聚碳酸酯多采用界面缩聚技术。4通过逐步聚合反应得到的聚合物大多数为（　　）聚合物。[江苏大学2016研]A．碳链B．长链C．杂链D．嵌段【答案】C查看答案【解析】多数逐步聚合物属于杂链聚合物，可分为线形和体形两大类。5开发一种聚合物时，需要从热力学和动力学两方面考察单体能否聚合。热力学上判断聚合倾向的主要参数是（　　）。[江苏大学2016研]A．聚合温度B．聚合焓C．聚合熵D．聚合压力【答案】B查看答案【解析】单体能否聚合，可以从热力学和动力学两方面因素来考虑。热力学讨论聚合的可能性或倾向以及聚合-解聚的平衡问题，而动力学则研究引发剂和聚合速率等问题。ΔG的正负是单体能否聚合的判据，其大小决定于焓和熵的贡献。大部分烯类的聚合熵ΔS近于定值，约等于单体分子的平移熵（－100～－120J·mol－1·K－1）。在一般聚合温度（50～100℃）下，－TΔS＝30～42kJ·mol－1，大部分烯类单体的－ΔH＞40kJ·mol－1，都有聚合可能。因此，可用聚合焓来初步判断聚合的可能性，聚合热（焓）在热力学上是判断聚合倾向的重要参数。6缩聚反应的官能度f有不同的表述，下列表述中不正确的是（　　）。[安徽师范大学2017研]A．官能度是根据官能团来确定的B．官能度数和官能团数并非完全一一对应C．在缩聚反应中，不参加反应的官能团不计算在官能度内D．一种单体的官能度数是固定的，与反应类型和反应条件无关【答案】D查看答案【解析】D项，缩合反应中，一分子中能参与反应的官能团数称作官能度，也就是在反应体系中实际起反应的单体官能团数，与反应条件和反应类型相关。例如，苯酚与乙酐反应生成酯，酚羟基是反应基团，官能度为1；苯酚与甲醛反应时，酚羟基的邻、对位三个活泼氢均能参与缩合反应，官能度是3。7过硫酸铵引发剂属于（　　）。[江苏大学2016研]A．阳离子引发剂B．阴离子引发剂C．油溶性引发剂D．水溶性引发剂【答案】D查看答案【解析】过硫酸盐，如过硫酸钾和过硫酸铵，是无机过氧类引发剂的代表，具有水溶性，多用于乳液聚合和水溶液聚合。其分解产物是离子自由基或自由基离子。8用自由基聚合制备的高压聚乙烯除了少量长支链，还有大量乙基、丁基等短支链，这些短支链的生成是因为（　　）。[江苏大学2016研]A．大分子链间的链转移反应B．向引发剂的链转移反应C．向单体的链转移反应D．大分子链内的链转移反应【答案】D查看答案【解析】自由基向大分子转移的结果，在大分子链上形成活性点，再引发单体聚合，形成支链。这样由分子间转移而形成的支链一般较长。高压聚乙烯除含少量长支链外，还有乙基、丁基等短支链，这是分子内转移的结果。9在自由基聚合反应中，链自由基对过氧化物的（　　）是其引发剂效率降低的主要原因。[暨南大学2017研]A．屏蔽效应B．自加速效应C．共轭效应D．诱导分解【答案】D查看答案【解析】A项，屏蔽效应是一种物理过程与自由基聚合无关；B项，自加速效应是指自由基聚合中期，出现聚合反应速率自动加快的现象；C项，共轭效应指在共轭体系中由于原子间的相互影响而使体系内的π电子（或p电子）分布发生变化的一种电子效应；D项，诱导分解实际上就是自由基向引发剂的转移反应，过氧化物属于自由基聚合引发剂的一种。10自由基聚合反应时，引发剂AIBN一般在多少摄氏度使用？（　　）[暨南大学2017研]A．30～40B．50～70C．80～100D．100～120【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）是最常用的偶氮类引发剂，AIBN多在45～80℃使用，其分解反应特点呈一级反应，无诱导分解，只产生一种自由基，因此广泛用于聚合动力学研究。11热塑性弹性体SBS是苯乙烯和丁二烯的（　　）。[江苏大学2016研]A．无规共聚物B．交替共聚物C．嵌段共聚物D．接枝共聚物【答案】C查看答案【解析】SBS热塑性弹性体是苯乙烯与丁二烯的ABA型嵌段共聚物。受热后材料可以流动，容易加工成型。冷却到室温后，聚苯乙烯链段聚集成玻璃态微区，对聚丁二烯链段起到了物理交联点的作用，从而使材料表现出橡胶的特性。因此称之为“热塑性弹性体”。12在自由基共聚中，e值相差较大的一对单体发生（　　）的倾向大。[江苏大学2016研]A．理想共聚B．交替共聚C．恒比共聚D．嵌段共聚【答案】B查看答案【解析】Q值相差较大，难以共聚；Q、e相近的一对单体，往往接近理想共聚，如苯乙烯-丁二烯、氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯；e值相差较大的一对单体，如苯乙烯-马来酸酐、苯乙烯-丙烯腈，则有较大的交替共聚倾向。13苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸酐自由基交替共聚的倾向较大，主要是（　　）。[华南理工大学2017研]A．Q值相差较大的一对单体B．e值相差较大的一对单体C．都含吸电子基团的单体D．二者竞聚率接近【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，e值相差较大的一对单体有较大的交替共聚倾向；A项，Q值相差较大的一对单体难以共聚；C项，都含吸电子基团的单体，即e值相近；D项，竞聚率是自增长速率常数与交叉增长速率常数的比值（r1＝k11/k12，r2＝k22/k21），只有当r1＝r2＝0时表明两种自由基都不能与同种单体均聚，只能与异种单体共聚，共聚物中两单元严格交替相间倾向于交替共聚。14下列单体中，与丁二烯（e＝1.05）共聚时，交替倾向最大的是（　　）[暨南大学2017研]。A．PS（e＝-1.08）B．马来酸酐（e＝2.25）C．醋酸乙烯（e＝－0.22）D．丙烯腈（e＝1.2）【答案】A查看答案【解析】e值表示自由基和单体活性的极性度量，供电子基团的e为负值，吸电子基团的e为正值，e值相差较大的一对单体有较大的交替共聚倾向。15在乙酸乙烯酯的自由基聚合反应中加入少量苯乙烯，会发生（　　）。[江苏大学2017研]A．聚合反应加速B．聚合反应停止C．相对分子量降低D．相对分子量增加【答案】B查看答案【解析】苯乙烯单体的活性大于醋酸乙烯酯单体，但苯乙烯自由基的活性远小于醋酸乙烯酯自由基，高活性的醋酸乙烯酯自由基与高活性的苯乙烯单体反应生成苯乙烯自由基，低活性的苯乙烯自由基很难与低活性的醋酸乙烯酯单体交叉增长，一旦形成苯乙烯自由基，再难引发醋酸乙烯酯单体聚合，聚合反应停止。16自由基共聚合不可能得到（　　）共聚物。[江苏大学2017研]A．无规共聚物B．嵌均共聚物C．接枝共聚物D．交替共聚物【答案】B查看答案【解析】嵌均共聚物是由较长的M1链段和另一较长的M2链段构成的大分子，每一链段可长达几百至几千结构单元，即：～M1M1M1M1～M1M1·M2M2M2～M2M2～，要形成嵌均共聚物要求r1＞1且r2＞1，这种情况下，两种链自由基都倾向于加上同种单体，形成“嵌段”共聚物，链段长短决定于r1、r2的大小，很难用这种方法来制备真正嵌段共聚物产品。17可以同时提高聚合速率和聚合物分子量的聚合方法是（　　）。[安徽师范大学2017研]A．界面聚合B．乳液聚合C．本体聚合D．熔融缩聚【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，传统乳液聚合的机理可概括如下：在水相中产生初级自由基和短链自由基，进入胶束成核，在胶束或胶粒内增长，另一自由基进入胶粒后，才终止；增大单体浓度，使其加速进入胶束或胶粒，聚合速率提高，单体数增加，使聚合物分子量也相应提高。18固相聚合常用于制备（　　）。[华南理工大学2017研]A．聚氨酯B．聚氯乙烯C．聚酰胺D．聚烯烃【答案】C查看答案【解析】C项，固相聚合是指单体处于固态下进行聚合反应，生成高分子聚合物的过程，特点是聚合反应的活化能低，没有诱导期，具有明显的聚合反应后效应等，固相聚合只限于少数高熔点的单体使用，如聚酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯等。19有机玻璃板材是采用（　　）。[暨南大学2017研]A．本体聚合B．溶液聚合C．悬浮聚合D．乳液聚合【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，有机玻璃板材是由甲基丙烯酸甲酯本体聚合而成。20下列为非均相溶液聚合体系的是（　　）。[江苏大学2017研]A．醋酸乙烯以甲醇为溶剂的溶液聚合体系B．丙烯腈以浓的NaCNS水溶液为溶剂的溶液聚合体系C．丙烯腈以水为溶剂的溶液聚合体系D．苯乙烯在苯中进行溶液聚合【答案】C查看答案【解析】溶液聚合体系中，生成的聚合物不能溶解于溶剂中，则随着反应的进行生成的聚合物不断地沉淀出来，这种聚合叫非均相溶液聚合，亦称沉淀聚合，如丙烯腈的水溶液聚合。21本体聚合至一定转化率时会出现自动加速现象，这时体系中的自由基浓度[M·]和自由基寿命τ的变化为（　　）[宁波大学2017研]A．[M·]增加，τ延长B．[M·]增加，τ缩短C．[M·]减少，τ延长D．[M·]不变，τ延长【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，自由基聚合过程中由于体系粘度的增加会导致自动加速效应，这是因为体系粘度增加使大分子链运动困难，大分子链自由基的双基终止困难，链终止速率降低；而体系粘度的增大对小分子引发剂的分解没有影响，链引发过程继续进行，就会导致自由基浓度增大，自由及寿命延长。22不能在悬浮聚合过程中用作分散剂的是（　　）[宁波大学2017研]A．十二烷基磺酸钠B．羟基纤维素C．不溶于水的碳酸镁粉末D．聚乙烯醇【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，十二烷基磺酸钠属于表面活性剂，在悬浮聚合中可以与分散剂配合使用，但不能单独用作分散剂。23阳离子聚合最主要的链终止方式是（　　）。[江苏大学2016研]A．向单体转移B．自发终止C．双基终止D．向反离子转移【答案】A查看答案【解析】阳离子聚合的活性种带有正电荷，同种电荷相斥，不能双基终止；阳离子聚合可能有自发终止、反离子加成、活性中心与反离子中的一部分结合而终止等几种终止方式，但是以上阳离子聚合终止方式往往都难以顺利进行，因此有“难终止”之称；阳离子聚合的活性种很活泼，容易向单体或溶剂链转移，向单体链转移和向溶剂链转移是其主要的链终止方式。24能采用阳离子、阴离子与自由基三种聚合机理聚合的单体是（　　）。[华南理工大学2017研]A．甲基丙烯酸甲酯B．苯乙烯C．异丁烯D．丙烯腈【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，带有共轭体系的烯类，如苯乙烯、a-甲基苯乙烯、丁二烯、异戊二烯等，电子流动性较大，易诱导极化，能按自由基聚合，阴离子聚合，阳离子聚合三种机理进行聚合。25对阳离子聚合机理描述错误的是（　　）。[宁波大学2017研]A．快引发B．难转移C．快增长D．难终止【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，阳离子聚合的活性种很活泼，容易向单体或溶剂链转移，形成带不饱和端基的大分子，同时再生出仍有引发能力的离子对，使动力学链不终止。26为了得到具有实用价值高分子量聚丙烯，丙烯最适合的聚合方式是（　　）。[武汉理工大学2010研]A．自由基聚合B．阳离子聚合C．配位聚合D．阴离子聚合【答案】C查看答案【解析】丙烯只有一个较弱的推电子基，阳离子聚合困难，无法阴离子聚合。如进行自由基聚合，易形成稳定的烯丙基自由基而无法增长，因此只有在具有强催化能力的配位聚合下才能得到高分子量的聚合物。27为了得到立构规整的PP，丙烯可采用（　　）聚合。[安徽师范大学2017研]A．自由基聚合B．阴离子聚合C．阳离子聚合D．配位聚合【答案】D查看答案【解析】D项，配位聚合是指不饱和乙烯基单体首先在有空位的活性催化剂上配位，形成某种形式的配位络合物，然后再插入过渡金属（Mt）-碳（C）键中增长形成大分子的反应。丙烯使α-烯烃的代表，经Ziegler-Natta聚合，可制得等规聚丙烯。28丙烯进行配位聚合时，适宜的分子量调节剂是（　　）。[安徽师范大学2017研]A．十二烷基硫醇B．正丁硫醇C．氢气D．氮气【答案】C查看答案【解析】C项，在聚合体系中添加少量链转移常数大的物质，由于链转移能力特别强，只需少量加入便可明显降低分子量，而且还可通过调节其用量来控制分子量，因此这类链转移剂又叫分子量调节剂。氢气可以作为链终止剂参与到丙烯聚合反应中，达到调节聚丙烯的分子量的目的。29对均相茂金属催化剂描述错误的是（　　）[宁波大学2017研]A．高活性B．单活性中心C．获得分子量分布较宽聚合物D．可聚合的烯类较广【答案】C查看答案【解析】C项，茂金属引发剂是由五元环的环戊二烯基类（简称茂）、ⅣB族过渡金属、非茂配体三部分组成的有机金属络合物的简称，均相茂金属引发剂发展迅速，因为它有许多优点：高活性，几乎100%的金属原子均可形成活性中心；单一活性中心，聚合物结构和性能容易控制，立构规整能力强，可合成纯等规或纯间规聚丙烯、间规聚苯乙烯；可聚合的烯类更广，包括环烯烃、共轭二烯烃，以及氯乙烯、丙烯腈等极性单体；分子量分布窄，共聚物组成均一。30高密度聚乙烯与低密度聚乙烯的制备方法不同，若要合成高密度聚乙烯，应采用（　　）[宁波大学2017研]A．n-C4H9LiB．TiCl4-AlEt3C．BF3-H2OD．BPO【答案】B查看答案【解析】B项，高密度聚乙烯是通过配位聚合制备而成，使用的是Zieler-Nattta催化剂，TiCl4-AlEt3属于Ziegler-Natta催化剂；A项，n-C4H9Li是阴离子聚合的引发剂；C项，BF3-H2O是阳离子的引发剂；D项，BPO是自由基聚合的引发剂。31既能进行阴离子开环聚合，又能进行阳离子开环聚合的环醚是（　　）。[华南理工大学2017研]A．环氧乙烷B．丁氧环C．四氢呋喃D．四氢吡喃【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，三元环醚张力大，热力学上很有开环倾向，加上C—O键是极性键，富电子的氧原子易受阳离子进攻，缺电子的碳原子易受阴离子进攻，酸（阳离子）、碱（阴离子）甚至中性（水）条件均可使C—O键断裂开环，因此三元环醚既能进行阴离子开环聚合，又能进行阳离子开环聚合。32哪种单体不能用于开环聚合（　　）[宁波大学2017研]A．四氢吡喃B．四氢呋喃C．丁氧环D．二氧五环【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，四氢吡喃是六元环，不能进行开环聚合。33聚合度基本不发生化学变化的化学反应是（　　）。[华南理工大学2017研]A．聚氨酯的扩链B．聚醋酸乙烯酯的醇解C．聚乳酸的水解D．环氧树脂的固化【答案】B查看答案【解析】A项，聚氨酯的扩链反应使聚合度变大；B项，聚醋酸乙烯酯的醇解即在酸或碱的催化下，聚醋酸乙烯酯可用甲醇醇解成聚乙烯醇，即醋酸根被羟基所取代，醇解前后聚合度几乎不变，是典型的相似转变；C项，聚乳酸的水解是聚合度变小的反应；D项，环氧树脂的固化是聚合度变大的反应。来源：弘博学习网