2015考研试题及答案

其他院校真题试卷常州大学考研专业课真题试卷【2009—2020】北京城市学院考研专业课真题试卷【2013—2020】安徽师范大学考研专业课真题试卷【2014—2020】

2015年考研英语一完形填空，如果单就选项而言，考察的知识点包括：名词性从句（表语从句），动词辨析，介词/短语介词辨析，名词辨析，形容词辨析，副词辨析，形容词比较级等，考察难度不作判定，因为不同人，基础不一样，做题的感受也会有差异。但是，就15年考研英语一完形填空来说，细细推敲，还是能够找到一些答题技巧的。首先，先分享一下我做完形填空的一些方法和技巧：首先，通读原文，了解整篇文章的大体脉络，知道整篇文章在说啥。其次，再读一遍文章的第一段。开始答题，答题过程中坚持联系前后文，注意文章逻辑。接下来，我们就完形填空中从句类的题目答题技巧系统讲解一下。做从句类的题，答题的顺序是：确定从句类型，锁定从句引导词，通过分析句子成分选择引导词。一、确定从句的类别，是属于名词性从句，还是形容词性从句，还是副词性从句。其中名词性从句又分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句等；形容词性句又叫定语从句，副词性从句又叫状语从句。名词性从句的引导词有很多，但归纳起来可以分为三大类：从属连词，连接代词和连接副词。从属连词属于连词，只起到连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分； that：只起连接作用，无实义，whether/if既起连接作用，本身还有“是否”的意思。连接代词属于代词，既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语，即代词能在句子当中充当什么成分，连接代词就可以在名词性从句中充当什么样的成分； who, whom, which, what, whose, 其中指人用who/whom,指物用what, which，whose放名词前作定语。连接副词属于副词，既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语，即副词能在句子当中充当什么样的成分，连接副词就在名词性从句中充当什么样的成分。 when, where, how, why, 其中when(表时间),where（表地点), how(表方式), why(表 原因)。2. 形容词性从句（定语从句）的引导词可分为两大类：关系代词和关系副词。关系代词属于代词，也即代词能在句子中充当什么样的成分，关系代词便可在定语从句中充当什么样的成分； who, whom, whose, which, that, as注意：what不引导定语从句。关系副词属于副词，副词能在句子当中充当什么样的成分，关系副词便可在定语从句当中充当什么样的成分。when：先行词为表示时间的名词；where：先行词为表示地点的名词；why:先行词一般为reason。注意：how 不引导定语从句。3. 副词性从句(状语从句）的引导词叫从属连词，从属连词属于连词，连词是一种虚 词，在句子当中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。2015年考研英语真题一完形填空第一题考察的就是从句引导词的选择。我们通过分析，属于考察表语从句引导词的选择，属于名词性从句引导词的考察。我们在确定了从句的类型之后，接下来就是确定引导词。二、锁定从句引导词通过以上分析，我们可以知道名词性从句的引导词有哪些，这里不再赘述。三、通过句子成分分析选择引导词。首先，提取句子主干。That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.That 为主语，is是系动词，is后面的整个部分做的是表语，也即主语补足语。整个句子的主干提取出来就是“That is……”，是一个主系表结构，后边整个表语从句充当句子的表语。第二，我们来分析下表语从句的句子成分。_(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.主语为“a study”，“published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”是过去分词作后置定语，来修饰a study，“has__(2)_”为表语从句中的谓语动词，因此整个表语从句的主干提取出来就是： _(1)_a study has__(2)_。从上述分析中，结合第二个题的选项concluded, 我们可以得出，表语从句当中缺少宾语，四个选项中只有what可以充当宾语，因此，答案选择what。

文章转载自：大学考研帮手公众号因篇幅限制，仅保留没目录部分1、西北大学337美术理论（艺术概论、中外美术史）2005-2006考研真题汇编2、西北大学338生物化学1999-2012考研真题汇编3、西北大学431金融学综合[专业硕士]2012-2013考研真题汇编4、西北大学601数学乙2003-2006考研真题汇编5、西北大学612管理学（含公共管理）2003-2006、2009；其中2004有答案考研真题汇编6、西北大学616文学概论2004-2007、2009-2015考研真题汇编7、西北大学617语言学概论2003-2007、2009-2011、2013-2014考研真题汇编8、西北大学619影视概论2005-2006考研真题汇编9、西北大学621新闻传播史论2005、2008-2012考研真题汇编10、西北大学622综合英语2003-2008考研真题汇编11、西北大学624考古学综合2012-2013真题及答案考研真题汇编12、西北大学627马克思主义哲学原理2003、2005-2006考研真题汇编13、西北大学629社会学概论2005-2006考研真题汇编14、西北大学630马克思主义基本原理2008-2010考研真题汇编15、西北大学631国际关系概论2005-2006考研真题汇编16、西北大学632数学分析2003-2010；其中2007、2009-2010有答案考研真题汇编17、西北大学634有机化学2004-2007、2010考研真题汇编18、西北大学635无机化学2003-2006考研真题汇编19、西北大学636分析化学（含仪器分析）2000、2003-2006考研真题汇编20、西北大学640中药综合（中药学）2003-2006考研真题汇编21、西北大学641生态学2005-2006考研真题汇编22、西北大学643地史学2003、2005-2006、2008考研真题汇编23、西北大学801经济学（含政治经济学、西方经济学）2003-2012考研真题汇编24、西北大学802世界政治与经济2005-2006考研真题汇编25、西北大学803管理学与运筹学2006-2011考研真题汇编26、西北大学806西方经济学与应用统计学2006-2013考研真题汇编27、西北大学810综合三（含古代汉语、现代汉语、对外汉语教学）2009-2014考研真题汇编28、西北大学812影视理论专题2005-2006考研真题汇编29、西北大学813诉讼法学2005-2006、2008考研真题汇编30、西北大学815英美文学与语言学2008；英美文学2004-2006考研真题汇编31、西北大学817西方哲学史2008-2010、2012-2013考研真题汇编32、西北大学818西方社会学理论2005-2006考研真题汇编33、西北大学821高等代数2001-2009考研真题汇编34、西北大学821高等代数2003-2006考研真题汇编35、西北大学822数学史（含科技期刊史、自然科学史）2003-2006考研真题汇编36、西北大学824固体物理2003-2004考研真题汇编37、西北大学825光学2003-2005考研真题汇编38、西北大学826物理化学2001-2012考研真题汇编39、西北大学829微生物学（化工）1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编40、西北大学834自然地理学2005-2013考研真题汇编41、西北大学835经济地理学2003、2005-2006考研真题汇编42、西北大学837环境工程学2005-2006考研真题汇编43、西北大学840动物生物学2003-2006、2009-2010考研真题汇编44、西北大学841微生物学1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编45、西北大学842细胞生物学2003-2012考研真题汇编46、西北大学843电子线路（含模拟、数字）2003-2006考研真题汇编47、西北大学846地球科学概论2007-2011、2013考研真题汇编48、西北大学中国古代文学史（2003-2010、2013-2014）考研真题汇编49、西北大学中国现当代文学史2004-2006、2015考研真题汇编50、西北大学中药综合（中药学2003-2006）考研真题汇编51、西北大学中药综合（中药综合2007-2011）考研真题汇编52、西北大学分析化学（含仪器分析）2000、2003-2006考研真题汇编53、西北大学化工原理2001-2003、2005-2010考研真题汇编54、西北大学区域分析与区域规划2003-2006、2010考研真题汇编55、西北大学地史学（2003、2005-2006、2008、2010、2013）考研真题汇编56、西北大学地球科学概论2007-2011、2013考研真题汇编57、西北大学地理信息系统1999、2001、2003-2006、2010-2013考研真题汇编58、西北大学地理信息系统1999、2001、2003-2006、2010、2012考研真题汇编59、西北大学微生物学1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编60、西北大学数学分析2003-2010；答案2009-2010考研真题汇编61、西北大学数据结构与程序设计2003-2006考研真题汇编62、西北大学文学概论2004-2006、回忆2011-2012考研真题汇编63、西北大学普通物理03-0608-10、12-14考研真题汇编64、西北大学普通物理2003-2006考研真题汇编65、西北大学植物生物学2004-2006考研真题汇编66、西北大学物理化学（2001-2012、2013回忆版）考研真题汇编67、西北大学生物化学（生科院）1999-2011考研真题汇编68、西北大学管理学与运筹学2006-2012考研真题汇编69、西北大学经济学历年真题（2003-2006、回忆2010-2012）考研真题汇编70、西北大学经济学（含西方经济学、政治经济学）2003-2012考研真题汇编71、西北大学综合一2012-2013考研真题汇编72、西北大学综合三汉语学及应用语言学2009-2014考研真题汇编73、西北大学自然地理学2005-2013考研真题汇编74、西北大学自然地理学历年真题考研真题汇编75、西北大学西方哲学史2008-2013考研真题汇编76、西北大学西方社会学理论历年真题2005-2006考研真题汇编77、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学04-13考研真题汇编78、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学2004-2013考研真题汇编79、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学历年真题考研真题汇编80、西北大学语言学概论2003-2011、2013-2014考研真题汇编81、西北大学量子力学2003-2006考研真题汇编82、西北大学马克思主义基本原理2008-2010考研真题汇编

解析题目：场地性质为城市广场，占地约6公顷，场地中心有一块接近两层楼高度的下凹空间，高差约5m，需要采取一定设计手法利用和消解高差。主要人流来向应当是主干道沿线；其他方向因信息不清晰，无法进一步判断。综合考虑周边要素，场地的出入口设置无特殊限制条件，但沿主干道一线应当入口更加开敞。形式风格无限制，综合考虑院校特点，建议采用更加有创新性的形式语言广场不强求无障碍设计，但最好尽可能做到交通的通用性。方案参考：设计复盘：首先进行空间拓扑网络的布局。题目中提到四周都是商业区，且场地性质为广场。首先根据外环境确定四周均需要相对开敞的出入口。其次，结合场地面积，确定空间数量。再次，确定主要空间位置及大小。最后，利用固定住的空间，以空间拓扑结构为依据，确定余下的空间点位及大小。选定形式构成语言，在初步进行空间造型的基础上，结合入口及内部空间位置，梳理流线，形成流线选线及大致造型。选定的形式语言贯彻到底，切忌形式语言不成体系，语素混杂。根据上两步形成的初步草图，进行空间形式的固化。深化过程中注意全图同步深化，这一步只需要确定外轮廓关系，抓住软硬质对比即可。总体来说这一步主要是在上一步基础上进行细化。这一步主要关注双线绘制以增加细节感，具体来说主要是要在硬质内部进行铺装分割线的绘制。这一步主要进行植物的细化绘制，利用植物的围合强化空间感，注意草坪、列植树、树团、花带的综合运用与搭配。上色首先给草地涂色，如果时间有限，至少要区分软质草地与硬质铺装。植物上色统一进行完成其他要素的颜色绘制最后利用阴影强化立体感，主要不要湮没细节，同时利用阴影遮挡上色质量不高的内容。要注意图纸的完整性：图名标高比例尺现状红线指北针也应在完成基本绘图工作后加上。案例介绍：唐山地震遗址纪念公园2007年，在“中国建筑学会”主办的“唐山地震遗址纪念公园”国际竞赛中，袁野、李久太、南旭组成的设计团队所提交的方案——“纪念之路”在来自17个国家的276套方案中脱颖而出，荣获一等奖，并被唐山市政府选定为实施方案。该公园于2008年9月建成，现已成为唐山市乃至全国最为重要的灾难主题纪念性人文景观之一。 竞赛评审专家评语 方案对整个地段处理的比较完整，从规划尺度来说比较有震撼力，并考虑了基地与整个大南湖地区之间的联系，与现有铁路现行尺度平衡。 在纵轴的基础上，又增加一个横轴，在手法上更现代一些，更前卫一些。纪念墙的设计体现出多而丰富的可能性，周边展览的空间扩展的可能性大。 遗址和作为静默哀悼的树林之间的对位关系，水池和树木之间以纪念墙和纪念甬道为轴线，两侧一动一静的关系处理得很好，力量感很强。 水面的设计独到，从喧嚣的道路通过水面可以使人的情绪得到平稳过渡；通过水面可以给人一种渴望而不可及的感觉，表达逝者与现实人之间的距离。 树林的设计，用树表达生命和一种纪念意义，由此可让人联想到“树葬”和“纪念林地”。 运用一片巨大的水面表现出与天空的关系，具有很强的反射面；中间强烈的人造空间表现出人的能力，体现出一个很自然的主题，表现出大地、人和自然之间的关系。唐山地震遗址公园的设计充分体现出“对自然的敬畏、对生命的关爱、对科学的探索、对历史的追忆”这一宗旨。通过极为简洁的设计手法，营造出具有强烈纪念性的空间环境，忠实记录这场灾难和逝去的24万生命，告慰死难者，供后人以凭吊与反思，也给生者以生活的勇气和希望。纪念过去，面向未来。该设计最大限度挖掘了基地的潜在优势，通过一条贯穿基地南北最大纵深并通向地震遗址的“纪念之路”和总长近400米的纪念墙把水体和树林分开。这条新的轴线与基地原有的另一个线性要素——被地震力破坏扭曲的废弃铁轨，分别贯穿基地南北和东西两个方向，从而把整个基地分为四个部分：遗址广场区，水区，林区，碎石区。两条轴线的交点正处于遗址广场的边缘，地震纪念馆和地震科普馆恰到好处地设置于该核心位置，成为纪念之路的终点和遗址广场的起点。作为世界上最大的地震死难者的墓碑，24万死难者名字以一种“匀质化”的方式刻在抛光的黑色花岗岩墙面上；纪念墙既是“纪念之路”的引导，也是精神的凝聚体。刻满名字的黑色花岗岩墙体“切割”了整个基地，强化了基地纵深方向的特征，恰当地定义了主入口的位置，并给公园的纪念活动以明确的方向感，同时最大限度保持了基地的原始结构特征和完整性。纪念墙具有统御整个公园空间的巨大尺度，并以7.28米的平均高度象征地震纪念日7月28日。高度抛光的黑色花岗岩墙体将天空、大地、周围景物以及参观瞻仰的人影反射于其中，与24万死难者的金色名字融为一体，给人以强烈的震撼。纪念之路这是一个具有起承转合的完整空间序列。公园的入口是一个缓步下沉的广场，当人向下走的时候，情绪会变得低沉而平静，这预示着一段不寻常的纪念之路的开始。下沉广场角落有意种植一棵银杏树，在空旷的广场上颇具意味，也暗示了对纪念路尽端水面上那棵泡桐树的关联。转过刻有“唐山地震遗址公园”的矮墙，出现一个废墟广场，碎石瓦砾如同是地震现场的片段，以直接但抽象化的手法呈现出地震的主题。再转过去，是一堵刻有纪念铭文青铜板的黑灰色混凝土墙，大面的空白清除了人情感中的杂质，并将注意力开始转向北侧的纪念墙。顺着巨大的纪念墙，在这漫长的纪念路上逐级而上，西侧的开阔水面会渐渐浮现于眼前（入口处由于下沉的处理，人的视线在水面标高以下，当人沿着纪念路逐级而上，视线随之升高，水面则慢慢显现）；另一侧的树林会通过墙体之间的狭缝反复出现，压迫感随着空间的逐渐开阔开始慢慢释放，直至遗址广场，达到高潮。有意味的景观纪念路和纪念墙的尽端是遗址纪念广场，展现出地震遗址的全貌。地下地震纪念馆和科普馆建在广场的西侧。有一段地震时被震弯的铁轨铺在水面上，向西延伸并渐渐消失在水中，参观者可以顺着它走到水面中央。留在水面上的两棵树，在视觉上将铁轨的两端联系起来，并与入口下沉广场孤植的银杏树形成时空的对照。当由纪念路转向广场并回望，形成一个以纪念墙为边界的广阔场景，而背景就是地震遗址。这一切让人在直接感受地震破坏力的同时，会对生命和自然的关系产生反思。纪念墙西侧巨大的水面表现出与天空的关系，具有很强的反射面，与天空及中间的人造空间形成一个强烈的主题，即大地、人和自然之间的关系；水面的设计可以给人一种可望而不可及的感觉，表达出逝者与生者之间的距离。水下铺满的黑色卵石使得浅浅的水池产生深不可测的效果，而水面上散落的石头则令人想到个体生命处于生死之间的命运，并与纪念墙上的逝者名字形成对照。“树”的设计在表达纪念性上起到“点睛”的作用。纪念墙后面的两排高大整齐的杨树如同对生命的护卫，而整片的树林则有“树葬”和生生不息之意；水边保留的粗壮有力的泡桐树如同生命的图腾，象征生命之强大，而铁轨尽端的孤树则有“此案彼岸”的意味。地下纪念馆屋顶上的树阵更富象征意义，寓意了生命的顽强和面向未来的无限希望。高效且专业的手绘、软件、考研培训机构——风暴手绘基地

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

2010-2019年 考研数学一二三真题 逐题精讲视频已出!!!考研数学真题讲解：每日一练220-221天一、每日一练220天：2015年考研数学一二三公共考点题目讲解2015年考研数学真题讲解2015年考研数学真题讲解二、每日一练221天：2016年考研数学一二三公共考点题目讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解考研路上，你我同行。加油！

2010-2019年 考研数学一二三真题 逐题精讲视频已出!!!考研数学真题讲解：每日一练216天一、题目二、解析考研路上，你我同行。加油！

考研数学真题讲解：每日一练214-215天一、每日一练214：2014年考研数学一二三真题（线性代数）二、每日一练：2015年考研数学一二三真题（公共考点）考研路上，你我同行。加油！

文章转载自：大学考研帮手公众号因篇幅限制，仅保留没目录部分1、对外经济贸易大学272二外俄语历年真题2001-2010；2001有答案考研真题汇编2、对外经济贸易大学274二外德语2001-2008、2014；其中2001有答案考研真题汇编3、对外经济贸易大学275二外日语2001-2010、2014；其中2010有答案考研真题汇编4、对外经济贸易大学277二外西语2001-2005考研真题汇编5、对外经济贸易大学357英语翻译基础2010、2014；其中2010有答案考研真题汇编6、对外经济贸易大学434国际商务专业基础2011-2012、2014考研真题汇编7、对外经济贸易大学435保险专业基础2011-2015；其中2011-2014有答案考研真题汇编8、对外经济贸易大学751法学基础理论2007-2010、2013-2014考研真题汇编9、对外经济贸易大学761基础英语历年真题（2001-2010、2012-2013）考研真题汇编10、对外经济贸易大学770基础朝鲜语2006-2007考研真题汇编11、对外经济贸易大学772基础俄语2004-2010考研真题汇编12、对外经济贸易大学773基础法语2001-2006、2008-2011考研真题汇编13、对外经济贸易大学774基础德语2001-2008、2010考研真题汇编14、对外经济贸易大学775基础日语2001-2011；其中2010有答案考研真题汇编15、对外经济贸易大学777基础西班牙语2001-2005、2007-2008考研真题汇编16、对外经济贸易大学778基础阿拉伯语2001-2008、2010考研真题汇编17、对外经济贸易大学779基础意大利语2001-2005、2008考研真题汇编18、对外经济贸易大学831会计学综合2001-2014；2001-2007有答案考研真题汇编19、对外经济贸易大学834技术经济及管理综合2004-2006，2012-2013年考研真题汇编20、对外经济贸易大学841应用软件基础2003-2008、2011、2014考研真题汇编21、对外经济贸易大学842金融学与电子商务2011-2014考研真题汇编22、对外经济贸易大学851法学专业理论2000-2014年考研真题汇编23、对外经济贸易大学859法学专业英语2001-2007、2009-2014考研真题汇编24、对外经济贸易大学861综合英语2007-2010、2014考研真题汇编25、对外经济贸易大学870专业朝鲜语2005、2007考研真题汇编26、对外经济贸易大学872专业俄语2004-2010考研真题汇编27、对外经济贸易大学873专业法语2001-2006、2008-2011考研真题汇编28、对外经济贸易大学874专业德语2001-2008、2010考研真题汇编29、对外经济贸易大学875专业日语2001-2011考研真题汇编30、对外经济贸易大学877专业西班牙语2001-2005、2007-2008考研真题汇编31、对外经济贸易大学878专业阿拉伯语2001-2005、2007-2008、2010考研真题汇编32、对外经济贸易大学879专业意大利语2001-2005、2008考研真题汇编