考研全题库

考研年年有新闻，今年也不例外。要说2019年全国硕士研究生招生的最大新闻，一定非山东两所院校的“考试直接发答案”莫属了。这简直是匪夷所思啊，让任何人看了都感觉大跌眼镜。据山东省教育厅的消息，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》、青岛理工大学自命题科目《城乡规划理论综合》发生了试题错装。也就是说，把将试题的袋子里装成了试题的答案，在考试中直接发给考生的是试题的答案。这一重大乌龙事件，可以说是在这样严肃的考试中是绝不容许出现的。山东省教育厅已经确认这是严重的责任事故，并迅速成立调查组开展调查，已对相关责任人作停职处理。这样这一次严重的责任事故，直接受到影响的是相关科目的考生。据考生回忆，当接到试卷时，看到的竟是答案，第一感觉是错愕，简直是不可思议。甚至有考生怕影响考试成绩，竟然抄起了翻案，直到工作人员出现。当然，山东省教育厅已敦促两校依据国家有关规定，妥善安排补考各项工作，以维护考生合法权益。可是，考生要再一次走进考场，重新面对考试这是不可避免的了。这就要继续承受焦虑和付出精力，无疑是非常悲催的。其实这次事件最大的危害是对研究生招生考试权威性的破坏。全国硕士研究生招生考试，是一次非常重要的国家性考试，万众瞩目。可是，竟然发生了如此荒诞的事件，让人对考试的严肃性产生怀疑。这样重要的国家考试都可以发生如此错误，还有什么错误是不可能发生的呢。研究生招生考试的组织是比较复杂的，因为通常是每一个考生有一个试题袋。考生答完题后，自己将试题袋填好上交，由相关人员负责阅卷。这次两个学校的两门不同科目的考试，所有考生都出现相同的问题，确实有点不可思议。至于问题到底出在哪个环节，这个还需要有关部门调查后得出结论。问题已经发生，除要组织好有关考生的补考工作之外。最重要的是要查清问题的原因，特别是要查清这两起事件的联系。通过调查发现问题发生的原因，在机制上进一步完善，堵塞可能发生问题的漏洞。强化有关人员的工作责任心，吸引教训，加强考试的组织，杜绝类似问题的发生。关注教育新闻热点、分享个人观点，拙木侃教育，感谢您的关注、评论和转发！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

本书特别适用于参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为叶澜所著的《教育概论》的考生，也可供各大院校学习教育学的师生参考。叶澜著《教育概论》是我国高校采用较多的教育学权威教材。为了帮助参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为叶澜《教育概论》的考生复习专业课，我们根据教材和名校考研真题的命题规律精心编写了配套复习辅导用书，精勤学习网提供免费试看。不同一般意义的传统题库，本题库包括以下四部分：第一部分为名校考研真题。精选名校考研真题，每道真题均提供答案解析。学员可以通过真题部分的练习来熟悉考研真题的特点，并测试自己的水平。第二部分为课后习题。本书参考大量教育学相关辅导资料，对叶澜《教育概论》的课（章）后习题都进行了详细的分析和解答。第三部分为章节题库。遵循叶澜《教育概论》的章目编排，精选详析了部分名校近年的考研真题，同时针对该教材的重难点相应整理了典型题，并对题库中的试题进行详细解析。第四部分为模拟试题。根据历年考研真题的命题规律及热门考点进行押题，其试题数量、试题难度、试题风格与研究生入学考试真题完全一样。通过模拟试题的练习，学员既可以用来检测学习该考试科目的效果，又可以用来评估对自己的应试能力。试读2015年四川师范大学614教育学基础考研真题及详解一、单项选择题：1～45小题，每小题2分，共90分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。1．“教育是对人心灵的陶冶”属于（　　）。A．教育的描述性定义B．教育的纲领性定义C．教育口号D．教育隐喻【答案】A【解析】美国分析教育哲学家谢弗勒《教育的语言》一书中探讨了三种定义的方式，即“规定性定义”“描述性定义”和“纲领性定义”。所谓规定性定义即作者自己所创制的定义，其内涵在作者的某种话语情境中始终是同一的。也就是说，不管其他人是如何定义某个词的，我就是这么定义的，并且我将始终在我定义的意义上来使用这个词。所谓描述性定义是指对被定义对象的适当描述或对如何使用定义对象的适当说明。所谓纲领性定义是一种有关定义对象应该是什么的界定。2．教师帮助和指导学生学会身份认同和角色定位，使其自觉按照角色要求为人处世。这体现了教育的（　　）。A．个体社会化功能B．个体个性化功能C．个体谋生功能D．个体享用功能【答案】A【解析】教育具有促进个体个性化和个体社会化的功能。其中，个体的社会化是个体学习所在社会的生活方式，将社会所期望的价值观、行为规范内化，获得社会生活必需的知识、技能，以适应社会需要的过程。社会化的具体内容大致包括四个方面：第一，接受一定社会的文化价值与社会规范；第二，使个人追求的目标与社会要求相一致；第三，掌握个人获得社会成员资格和追求目标所必须的技能；第四，学会认同身份和在每一场合下自己所处的角色。题干的身份认同与角色定位属于教育的个体社会化功能。3．认为教育在再生产现有社会关系的教育理论流派是（　 ）。A．制度教育学B．改造主义教育理论C．存在主义教育理论D．批判教育学【答案】D【解析】批判教育学认为当代资本主义的学校教育并未像实用主义教育学所宣称的那样是一种民主的建制和解放的力量，是推进社会公平和实现社会公正的强有力手段和途径，相反，它是维护现实社会的不公平和不公正，是造成社会差别、歧视和对立的根源；之所以会出现这种现象是因为教育与社会是相对应的，有什么样的社会政治、经济和文化，就有什么样的学校教育机构，社会的政治意识形态、文化样态、经济结构都强烈地制约着学校的目的、课程、师生关系、评价方式等，学校教育的功能就是再生产出占主导地位的社会政治意识形态、文化关系和经济结构。4．以教育理论自身作为专业研究对象的学科是（　　）。A．教育学B．比较教育学C．元教育学D．教育哲学【答案】C【解析】元教育学是以一种批判的态度来审视教育学科的性质，结构以及其他种种表现的科学，是哟中鞥高级别的逻辑形式。5．倾向于废除直接教学、废除考试的教育理论流派是（　　）。A．行为主义教学理论B．认知主义教学理论C．人本主义教学理论D．建构主义教学理论【答案】C【解析】以罗杰斯为代表的人本主义心理学主张探讨完整的人，而不是把人分隔成行为，认知等方面。认为真正的学习涉及到整个人，教学即促进学生成为一个完善的人，尤其以罗杰斯的非指导性教学为代表。主张教学以学生为中心，情感为基调，教师是促进者，学生自我发起的学习与教学模式。6．为避免灌输与说教而大量使用道德问题情境激发学生角色认取和主动思考的道德模式，除道德认知发展模式外，还有（　　）。A．体谅模式B．价值澄清模式C．社会学习模式D．集体教育模式【答案】A【解析】英国道德教育专家麦克菲尔领导一个德育课程研究组，对中学生进行调查。学生一致认为待人好主要表现为对学生需要、情感、兴趣的关心，反之就不好。麦克菲尔等在调查的基础上编写了《生命线》和《学会关心》德育系列丛书通过设置一系列的问题情境来进行道德教育，形成了体谅德育模式。7．随着我国高中大众化、普及化，普通高中的性质发生变化，在教育任务上兼顾（　　）。A．普通教育与职业教育B．普通教育与基础教育C．升学预备教育与就业预备教育D．基础教育与预备教育【答案】C【解析】当代教育越来越重视学生全面的发展，在教授给学生基础知识的同时注重培养学生适应社会的能力，在教学任务上兼顾升学预备教育与就业预备教育。8．将一个班的学生按照能力分组，各组以不同的进度完成相同的课业。这种能力分组属于（　　）。A．作业分组制B．活动分组制C．异质分组制D．混合能力分组制【答案】B【解析】分组教学类型主要有：能力分组和作业分组。能力分组，是根据学生的能力发展水平来分组教学的，各组课程相同，学习进度则各不相同。作业分组，是根据学生的特点和意愿来分组教学的，各组学习进度相同，课程则各有不同。异质分组是指分组后同一小组内的学生在体能和运动技能方面存在差异。电子书产品界面及功能展示

01关于学校专业Q：为什么选择这个学校/专业?以及一系列。因为我在前期选学校的时候，看到学校师资非常的优秀，专业实力也非常强，所以非常想跟老师学习专业上的知识，看了老师的一些著作或论文，更加坚定了我想要报考这个学校的决心（如果没看过论文就别说，以免老师问了看了什么论文打不出来，丢掉印象分）。而且从之前的学长学姐那了解到，学校的学习氛围很好，来到学校感觉学校非常美，也很安静很适合读书学习（根据学校实际特点说）。其实这就是给你个机会好好夸学校，夸的时候要突出学校各方面条件非常好，而且自己想在学校钻研学术的心。上面是非常中规中矩的答案，如果你能从其他角度想到与众不同的答案，肯定会让导师眼前一亮，大大加分。不要盲目的不切实际的夸，最好不要答因为学校或专业比较好考。如果是调剂的同学也是一样，想调剂到这所学校，是因为学术氛围好...（即使你只有这一个调剂机会了，也不要实话实说，如果这么说大概率情况会失去读研的机会了）Q：读过哪些专业相关的文献书籍？这个题目出现的几率极大，除了专业领域的书籍期刊外，可能还会有学校自己定的参考书目。在复试备考的时候，要重点看业内大佬的专业著作，尤其是院校规定的专业书目，即使看不完，也要大致知道书里在讲什么。这个问题还有2个延伸方向：1某本书的主要学术思想，你对哪一条对印象最为深刻之类的问题？回答这个问题，最好准备好一两个观点和案例，并且预先对自己的回答做问题设问，这样在考场才能应对好老师的连环。2对目标专业的研究方向有什么了解，谈谈你的看法。对于报考的专业，就算没有深入的了解，至少也要了解专业研究的大体方向，报考专业导师的学术观点、专著。了解相同院校相关专业的情况，做好比较，优势和劣势在哪，表达一下自己的见解。02关于未来规划Q：如果考上了研究生你将来的学习规划是什么？这个问题可以从短期规划和长期规划两方面来说：短期规划：读研期间的学习规划长期规划：未来的人生规划短期规划：因为我对报考的专业非常感兴趣，所以读研期间，我想要跟着老师学习专业领域的知识，希望能更多的参与到老师的课题中，和师哥师姐多讨论专业上的内容，不断精进自己的专业知识。除了这些，我还想要多涉猎不同领域的书籍，向更多比我优秀的人学习，拓宽自己的视野，从更多元的视角去看待专业上的知识。未来规划：我的长期规划是希望能在研究生期间，不断提升自己的专业度，将来从事与专业相关的工作（或者说你有考博的计划，希望能在科研领域作出一些成绩）。也可以说说自己希望未来自己能在专业领域能做到什么样的成绩。这里千万不能回答笼统又大又空的话，比如我没太认真的想过、我们我想要好好学习之类。或许你真的是对未来迷茫，想在读研期间去摸索，但是在面试的时候，一定要表示出你所作出的规划。Q：研究生时希望研究什么方向？个人觉得不要给太具体的回答，如果有非常想研究的方向也最好说的宽泛一点，毕竟进去了啥都好说。基本上大多数人都是比较迷茫的，而且有很多文科都是读一年后才会选导师，所以这个时候答案本身并不是特别重要（理工科除外，因为有很多一进去就要被老板折磨），这个问题在复试提出有两个意义，一个是想看看考生对老师和专业的了解 、求学态度（考生的目标感），另一个是看看和导师科研需求的匹配程度。即使联系过导师，也要说涵盖导师研究的大方向，没拿到录取结果的那一刻，什么都会变，万一这个老师临时改变主意了，其他老师也有可能会给机会。其实这个问题拆解出来就是问学习规划，如果真的不知道说啥方向，就把具体的学习或学术规划说说吧。03关于本科审查Q：毕业论文的内容，比如毕业论文参考了哪些文献？1. 准备好500字左右的毕业论文/设计的概括，毕业创作/设计的写作思路、设计理念、表达思想等。2. 可以谈谈你在写论文时的研究方法，或毕业设计的的灵感来源。我读研的时候，导师就非常重视论文的研究方法，如果你本科阶段不太了解，可以问问老师，或者上网查查，不要求精通，至少得了解吧。3. 如果你是跨专业的考研党，可以先大致说说你本科的学习与研究，然后再结合本科专业，说说对所报专业的研究的支持作用。Q：你为什么没有通过英语四/六级?如果四六级没过，告诉导师你有些偏科，但是这次准备考研，英语花了很大的功夫，并且在基本功上有所提高（不然你英语也过不了线...进不了复试环节），你要告诉导师，你虽然确实不太擅长英语，但现在还在坚持每天学习，而且相对于英语你更擅长...至少让老师知道你虽有弱项，但是你足够上进用时间去弥补不足，最后转到你擅长的内容上去。（这一条大家都可以说，英语不好不是什么致命弱点，或许你在其他方面更擅长也是一种优势，掩盖了你这个短板）Q：大学学过的专业课程有哪些？说一些主要的专业课程最感兴趣的一两门课程原因，即可跨专业的话，就说这一两门感兴趣课程中的收获对目标专业的积极影响Q：大学四年获奖情况1如果你有参加过专业相关的比赛或活动，即使没取得名次也没关系，可以告诉导师你参加过几次比赛，虽然没有取得名次，但是在比赛中你的专业能力有什么样的成长，自己收获了什么。2如果你参加过其他比赛（与专业无关），那可以告诉导师你参加过什么其他比赛，虽然没有取得名次...但....回答方式同上。3如果你参加过比赛或活动，但看起来含金量非常低，但在你其他方面没有什么优势的时候，做过什么总比没有做过强。这种情况就不要把展开来说，直接以数据化的形式告诉导师，你参加过x次，哪方面能力有所提升，可以举个栗子告诉导师，这些能力的提升对你专业学习上有什么意义。Q：有没有做过关于本专业的科研实验、或者参加过哪些项目？我本科的时候做过....（本专业考研党可以讲讲本科时候的学习或实践经历，跨专业同学可以表示对这个专业的兴趣），做过一些相关的实习（如果有可以讲，如果没有就不讲）。注意：分点说，不要把做过的事情全部都说，选有代表性的事情来说，重点突出做这件事的成绩或收获。 如果本科期间没参加过校园活动、成绩一般、没有发表过科研论文，那么找找其他方面，总有一种是你喜欢的。比如你大学期间自学了一门外语，又或者是你喜欢记录生活，坚持写日记，或者喜欢拍照，喜欢二次元漫画等等。不管这些你是不是真的擅长，你都可以说，至少某种程度上，能让导师看到你热爱生活，看到你的上进心。如果拿兴趣爱好来说的话，一定要举例，不要说我喜欢...就完了，话谁都会说，一定要用一两件事情证明下，你能做好或你真的喜欢做这件事。Q：询问本科成绩复试面试中了解考生的本科成绩是考研复试中的基本环节，成绩好的同学可以着重介绍自己的成绩及本科收获，成绩不好的同学，也不要有心理负担，可以这样在面试中补救。1. 自我介绍有所侧重如果本科成绩不好，但在大三时成绩有进步，那么在自我介绍时，可以着重表达自己好好学习后，学习成绩得到了显著提高，突出自己在学业成绩上的进步。如果本科成绩一直不是很理想，可以在自我介绍时，着重介绍一些自己本科上过什么课，不要过多强调成绩方面的内容。在自我介绍的环节，我们可以变被动为主动，把本科成绩不好这个暂时不利的情况，转化为对我们有利的情况。2. 展现自己对报考专业的熟悉程度如果我们本科成绩不好，那么在考研复试面试中，更应该是如此。如果你很早就投入到对报考专业的复习，我们也可以把老师问及我们本科成绩的问题，转移到我们对于报考专业的学习和研究上。3. 基本态度是不回避无论你是在自我介绍中展现自己本科成绩有提高，还是讲述你对本科学科的熟悉程度，亦或是化被动为主动地讲述我们对于报考专业的学习，我们的基本态度都应该是不回避、坦诚。那是只是我们的本科成绩而已，如果不是因为考研，也不会那么被人过分强调。所以，面对本科成绩，我们在准备复试和复试面试现场的基本态度就是不回避，也不要因本科成绩不理想，有过重的负担。04关于日常生活Q：介绍下你的大学这个问题是导师一般会对自己不太熟悉的院校做这样的提问，尤其是二三本院校的考研党一定要注意准备。可以按照这个思路准备：1. 要介绍院校的地理位置（如果学校名字没有体现在哪的话）在当地处于什么什么水平（几本）如果所学专业是院校重点专业拿出来说一说；2. 学校的优势：国际化、重实践、学风浓厚（可以顺便带一嘴自己在这样的环境下获得的东西，比如外教课多，所以自己的口语能力强；3. 有大牛人物也可以拎出来说一嘴，比如某教授是我们学校的、著名的xx创始人是我学长，我也一直以他们为目标努力；4. 配套很强，专业实验室齐全；可以在演播室，实验室，金融实操过很多次。但注意说的时候不用说太多，核心逻辑就是几句话突出优势，这个优势跟自己有什么关系，对自己有什么影响。Q：介绍下你的家乡？考生应该从自己的家乡特殊点出发，在自己的家乡特殊的熏陶之下自己有哪些能力的提升或自己的家乡对自己的影响，老师最为看重的还是你的家乡对你的影响而不是你的家乡有哪些小吃或者是哪些著名的景点。Q：详细阐述自己的爱好可以从自己的生活和专业等方便作答，生活方面体现自己的兴趣爱好广泛即可，更加注重的应该是自己的专业课的内容学习，说说自己在专业方向上的兴趣爱好，可以结合自己的生活中或者是自己的大学期间的重要项目来作答。05其他问题Q：如果这次面试没通过呢?回答示例：如果没有通过面试，我会觉得很遗憾，因为这个专业是我非常感兴趣的（或这个学校是我非常喜欢的），我非常希望能够在这个专业领域不断深耕，而且在考研期间，我也非常努力，付出了很多的时间和精力（如果有突出点，可以举例，比如父母不支持，但是仍然努力说服或坚持自己的想法等）。最后如果没能被录取，会有些难过，但是我会认真思考自己的不足，调整好状态，再做之后的打算。建议：不管面试发挥地怎么样，听到这个问题，心里肯定都会咯噔一下。但是别担心，这个问题是在考察抗压能力，你冷静回答就好。Q：跨专业的考研党可能会被问到：你认为自己的本科专业和现在所考的专业，有什么互补性或者借鉴性?回答建议：其实跨专业的考研党根本不用担心，实际上一些老师很喜欢跨专业的考生，因为有多学科的背景，跨界掌握的知识面会更广。你可以针对自己的专业说一些与专业相关的东西，找到所跨专业和自己专业的交叉点，以交叉点为突破口就行了。以上都是框架和思路，大家一定要根据自己及学校专业的情况灵活使用。

一、单项选择题：1~16小题，每题1分，共16分。下列每题 给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是最符合题目要求的。1. 马克思和恩格斯首次系统阐述历史唯物主义基本观点的著作A. 德意志意识形态B. 神圣家族C. 哲学的贫困D. 共产党宣言【答案】A2. 人们能从历史中汲取经验教训是因为A. 历史规律和自然规律有惊人的相{以B. 人类历史发展存在着不以人的意志为转移的规律C. 历史总是在循环往复中不断向前发展D. 人类已经完全掌握了历史发展的内在规律【答案】B3. 从社会意识和社会存在的关系看，法律法规A. 总是阻碍新技术的健康发展B. 只能落后于新技术发展C. 与新技术发展具有不平衡性D. 归根到底是新技术发展的内在动力【答案】C4. 马克思指岀：资本主义在发展"社会劳动的生产力"的同时进 而不自觉的创造着一种更高级的生产形式的物质条件，这表明：A. 资本主义生产方式能够无限制解放和发展社会生产力B. 资本越发展越有利于巩固资本主义C. 资本越扩张越不利于创造更多的物质财富D. 资本主义生产是一种历史的、过渡性生产形式【答案】D5. 毛泽东思想作为马克思主义中国化的第一个重大理论成果，是 由一系列相互联系的重要理论观点所构成的科学思想体系这一 科学体系所围绕的主题是A. 中国革命和建设B. 中国命运和前途C. 中国社会性质和阶段状况D. 中国改革和发展6. 构建新发展格局,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央积极应对国 际国内形势变化，与时俱进提升我国经济发展水平，塑造国际经 济全球和竞争新优势提岀的战略决氣这一发展格局是A. 以体制机制创新为主体，利用好国际国内两个市场B. 以編户和平稳定为主体，促进国际国内经济复苏C. 以国内大循环为主体，国内国际双循环相互促进D. 以发展先进制造业为主体，促进产业结构优化升级7. 改革开放初期，确立了公有制为主体的市场经济，多种所有制 公共发展，按劳分配为主体，多种分配制度并存，社会市场经济 制度等社会主义基本经济制度，这一基本经济制度中，坚持公有 制的主体地位是因为A. 公有制是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分B. 公有制是我国经济社会发展的重要基础C. 生产资料所有制决定社会的基本性质和发展方向D. 由生产资料所有制决定的分配方式能使一切社会成员实 现全面发展8. 创新是弓|领发展的第一动力，必须把创新摆在现代化建设全面 的核心地位。2020年9月11日习近平在《科学家座谈上讲话》 中指出我国经济发展及改善民生比以往任何时候都需要加强创 新这个第一动力，创造更多从"0”到"1”的突破，需要摆在更 加突岀位置的是A. 提升原始创新能力B. 加快推进消化吸收再创新C. 加强了企业创新主体地位D. 改善科技创新9. 洋务运动时期，洋务派兴办了一些企业少数官办或官商合办， 多数是官督商办，这些关督商办的企业是什么性质?A. 封建性质企业B. 半封建C. 资本D. 社会性质10. 中国人民抗战胜利的关键是A. 民族意识的觉醒与全民的抗战B. 反侵压战争的正义性与进步性C. 世界反法西斯力量的团结与支持D. 中国共产党中流砥柱的作用11. 人民政协的召开标志着A. 民族区域自治制度的建立B. 工商代表大会制度的建立C. 人民代表大会制度的建立D. 新型政协制度的建立12. 我国对资本主义工商业的社会主义改造执行的是A. 互助合作政策B. 调整巩固C. 和平赎买D. 剥夺没收13. 个人与社会的关系最根本的是A. 个人价值与社会价值B. 个人利益与社会利益C. 个人理想与社会理想D. 个人存在与社会存在14. 新时代爱国主义教育的着力点是A. 坚持实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦B. 坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合C. 坚持祖国统一和民族团结D. 坚持立足中国又面向世界15. 北斗三号全球卫星导航系统建成并开通服务，标志着A. 我国卫星导航系统实现了零的突破B. 我国成为世界上第三个独立拥有全球卫星导航系统的国C. 世界所有国家都已使用我国北斗导航系统D. 我国全球卫星导航系统重设实现了第二步目标16. 2020年全球服务服装贸易会于9月4日-9日在北京成功举 力'。本届服贸会的主题是：A. 文化融合，创新发展B. 开放包容，团结合作C. 齐心协力，携手前行D. 全王求服务，互惠共享二、多项选择题：17-33小题，每题2分，共34分。下列每题 给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。多选、 少选或错选均不得分。17. 最近，科学家利用宇宙三维地图发配迄今最大的宇宙结构之—,包含了数十万星系长达14亿光年的"南极塔”，中国科学 表示由于万有引力，密度较高的区域会产生较弱的引力，将周围 物质吸引进来形成了星系以及更大尺度的结构，现代宇宙学表 明，宇宙是由暗物质、暗能星主导的，但暗物质究竟是什么，目 前不得而知，在"南极塔"等宇宙大尺度结构中，很可能藏着大 量的暗物质，这是宇宙演化历史的重要指针，"南极塔”的发展 表明A. 未知世界与已知世界是客观存在的B. 整个物质世界的时间和空间是有限的C. 世界本质是暗物质能量D. 世界只有尚未认知之物，没有不可认识之物【答案】A D18. 人体是抗击病毒的"机制”，当病原体进入体，升高的体温 刺激免疫系统打败病毒，在理想的情况下，免疫系统创造了一个 环境让病原体，進以生存，一旦病原体适应更高的温度，人的免 疫系统就无法发挥】乍用。人的免疫与自然环境之间联系A. 人类只能适应自然环境变化而不能改变自然环境B. 自然环境对人类发展有决定性作用C. 自然是长发展的重要前提D. 人在受自然制约的同时交环境【答案】C D19. 商品经济是一定社会历史条件的产物，商品经济得以产生的 社会历史条件A. 生产资料和劳动产品属于不同所有者B. 社会分工的出现及其存在C. 商品具有了使用价值和价值两个因素D. 交换过程中形成了充当一般等价物的商品【答案】A B20. 为了实现盈利，将人工流水线改造成机器流水线，受经济危 机，从市场上采购生产原料价格下降，资本构成发生变化的是A. 资本有机构成B. 资本积累构成C. 资本技术构成D. 资本价值构成【答案】A C D21.1871巴黎公社革命，马、恩总结的经验主要有A. 无产阶级政权是为人民服务的机关B. 必须为碎旧的国家机器建立无产阶级政权C. 无产阶级革命取得成功并保持果实的首要条件是要有革 命的武装D. 必须建立无产阶级政党，发挥党的政治领导作用【答案】A B C D22. 社会主义基本制度确立以后，如何在中国这一个经济文化比 较落后的东方大国建设和巩固社会主义：是党面临的一项崭新课 题.为找到一条适合中国国情的社会主义建设道路，总带领人民进 行了艰难曲折的初步探索。这一份初步探索的意义主要体现在A. 体现了马克思主义中国化的第二次飞跃B. 丰富了科学社会主义的理论和实践C. 巩固和发展了我国社会主义制度D. 为开创中国特色社会主义提供了宝贵经验，理论准备，物质基础【答案】B C D23. 我国经济发展新动能的持续壮大声明A. 创新驱动了引领作用进一步加强B. 供给的结构效果取得了显著绩效C. 数字经济已成为我国经济高质量发展的新引擎D. 现代化经济已经生成【答案】A B C24. 十三五时期我国大气污染治理取得了明显成效，主要得益 于?A. 坚特全民共治，全民防治B. 把突出环境问题作为生态文明建设的着力点C. 构建生态通道的生物多样I生保护网络D. 不断完善生态环境保护制度和强化环保监督25. 我国提高就业质量的主要举措是A. 开展大舰模职业技能信训B. 提供全方位公共就业服务C. 构建和谐劳动关系D. 使失业率保持保持合理区间26. 促进各民族像石榴籽一样紧紧抱在一起旨在A. 铸牢中华民族共同意识B. 建设各民族共有精神家园C. 巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐社会的社会主义民族关系D. 使各民族在中华民族大家庭手足相亲，守望相助27. 鸦片战争成为中国近代史起点是因为随着西方列强入侵A. 中国封建社会逐渐变成了半殖民地半封建社会B. 中国开始善于西方资本主义国家C. 中国人民逐渐开始反帝反封建的资产主义革命D. 无产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾上升为占支配地位的主要矛盾【答案】A C 28. 五四运动后，社会主义思潮在中国蓬勃兴起，马克思主义开 始在知识界得到传播。中国早期信仰马克思主义的人物，就类型 而言，主要包括:A. 五四运动的左翼骨干B. 五四以前的新文化运动的精神领袖C. 原中国同盟会会员，辛亥革命时期的活动家D. 工人群众中的活跃分子29. 中国从开始全面建设社会主义到1976年尽管经历过严重的 曲折，但从总体上来说，社会主义建设取得的成就是显著的，主 要表现在A. 人民生活水平的提高与文化教育，医疗，科技事业的发展B. 独立完整的工业体系的建立和国民体系的建设C. 国际地位的提高与国际环境的改善D. 探索中形成的建设社会主义的若干重要原则30. 2020年颁布的《中华人民共和国民法典》是新中国第一部以 法典命名的法律，这部法典共七编，1260条，包括总则、物权、 合同、人格权、婚姻、家庭、继承、侵权责任以及附则。被称为"社会生活的百科全书"。它系统地整合了新中国成立七十多年 来司法实践中形成的民事法律规范，汲取和借鉴了中外优势法治 建设的有益成果，是一部具有鲜明中国特色、实践特色、时代特 色的民法典，开创了我国法典编纂立法的先河。编纂民法典的重 大意义是：A. 推进全面依法治国，推进国家法律体系和治理能力现代化 的重大举措B. 坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度的现实需求C. 坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度、推动经济高质量发展 的客观要求D. 增进人民福祉，纟偽户广大人民根本利益的必然要求31. 法律权威是指法律再社会中的作用力、影响力和公信力，是 法律应有的尊严和生命，法律是否具有权威取决于0A. 法律再时间中的实施程度B. 法律本身的科学程度C. 法律在国家和社会治理体系中的地位和作用D. 法律被国际社会认同和尊崇的程度32.2020年6月30日，十三届全国人大常委会第二十次会议表 决通过的《中国人民共和国香港特别行政区纟偽户国家安全法》， 是新形势下坚持和完善"一国两制"制度体系的标志性法律，其 重大作用在于()A. 有效应对各种反中乱港势力B. 确保国家主权在香港收到严格保护C. 弥补香港国安方面的立法缺失D. 保障香港长治久安和长期繁荣稳定33. 2020.11.15,东盟16国与中，日，韩，澳和新西兰正式签 署《区域全面经济 伙伴关系稳定》(RECP),全球最大贸易区 诞生其重要意义主要体现在()A. 将为区域乃至全球经济复苏注入新动能B. 开启了区域经济一体化新篇章C. 全球贸易投资自由化、便利化取得压倒性优势D. 将更好地发挥中国作为亚太地区价值新中心节点作用【答案】A B D三、材料分析题。34-38小题，每小题10分，共50分。要 求结合所学知识分析材料。34.(马原)材料：第1段：当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，不稳定性不确 定性明显增强(首句)第4段：只有准确把我分析我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化、 看清变局本质和发展大势，顺势而为，谋事而动，提升危中寻机, 化危为机的能力，沉着应对变局，开拓新局，集中力量办好自己 的事，推动形成新发展格局，才能牢牢把握化危为机的主动权， 为不确定的世界增加确定性。(末句)摘自《人民日报》(2020年4月3日、4月16日、9月25日)(1) 分析在"危机中育新机，于变局中开新局",这一论断 蕴含的唯物辩证理论。(5分)(2) 运用主观能动性与客观规律性相统一的原理，分析"主 动永变"与"准确识变"之间的关系。(5分)35.(毛中特)(1) 从人民生活水平不断提高的视角，分析我国从"解决 温饱"到"达到小康水平"再到”全面达成小康社会"中体现的 中国特色社会主义制度优势。(6分)(2) 如何理解”实现小康社会不是终点，而是新生活新奋斗 的起点? " (4分)36.第1段：1950年6月朝鲜内战爆发。(首)第5段：抗美援朝战争伟大胜利，是中国人民站起来站立于 世界东方的宣言书，是中华民族走向伟大复兴的主要里程碑，对 中国和世界都有重大而深远的意义。摘自《习近平在纪念中国人 民志愿军抗美援朝岀国作战70周年大会上的讲话》(1) "党和政府作出抗美援朝，保家卫国的历史性决策需要 "非凡的气魄和胆略"请结合新中国成立初期的形式和党的任务，加以分析说明。(5分)(2) 为什么说"抗美援朝战争伟大胜利"对中国和世界都有 重大和深远的意义? (5分)37.(思修法基)材料:1979年12月6日，邓小平同志在会见日本首相大平正芳时 谈到了二十世纪末我过的奋斗目标："我们要实现四个现代化， 是中国式的现代化"(首)第2段：党的十九届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定….目标 的建议》宣告："’十三五’规划目标任务即将完成....社会主义 中国以更加雄伟的(末)身姿屹立于世界东方。”摘编自《人民日报》(2020年7月15日、 11月4日)"人对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标。”这是恢弘 壮丽的新征程，又是任重道远的新征程。)摘自《人民日报》(2020 年6月30日，7月20日)(1)中国抗疫精神是中国精神的生动诠释，"全国人民都在 为"武汉热干面"加油"，其中体现了什么样的中国精神?(2)伟大抗疫精神将激励新时代青年如何负担民族复兴的时代使命?38.(时政)(1) 分析中国和美国两国在面对国际组织和国际事务的不同 态度，并指出其本质。【材料里主要写的是美国退出来很多国 际组织，而中国积极参与国际组织和事物，疫情期间捐款，并在 2年中陆续捐款20亿美元物资等，疫苗研制成功会在全球范围 内推广使用】(2) 习近平指岀的"四点建议"对于后疫情时代全球治理体 系改革和建设有什么意义?【材料里的四个建议是：主持公道、 厉行法治、促进合作、聚焦行动】

2021考研数学考试12月27日上午结束，收到很多同学反馈今年考研数学题目不难相对比较简单，为了方便考研人在考研结束之后核对以及2022考研人了解考情，下面和郑州启航考研一起来看下2021考研数学二真题及答案解析(完整版)。由于数学试题的特殊性，一些计算符号和数学单位无法直接在发布，只能以图片版的形式发表。如果看不清楚的话，大家可以给我留言。我单独给你发题。数学二真题解析：#考研数学#

2020年考研初试才刚刚落下帷幕，然而2021考研党却都已经开始了图书馆抢座之战。似乎前些年考研还没有频频上热搜，成为众多大学生的选择。但是近几年却可以明显感受到考研已经成为了大三大四同学的一个不可忽略的去向。无论你是想考还是不想考，考研都在那里成为了你必须考虑的一个选项。随着考研热度上升，报名人数节节攀高，试题难度也开始逐渐让一众考研人欲哭无泪。今天，我们就从刚刚结束的2020考研试题难度入手，给2021年的考研党分析一下考情，做到心中有数。一、政治难度比去年大今年的政治选择题难度整体是有略微提升的，分析题虽是在情理之中，但是答案内容专业度还是比较高的，想靠抄材料或者蒙着写，那在今年一定是比较危险的。当然单选题也有个别题目极为简单，基本就属于完全送分题。但是多选题今年却出现了很多送命题，很多题你觉得是全选，但是偏偏就会有一个选项是错误的，关键是你还很难看出来。最后只能在多选题中左一个二分，右一个二分地栽跟头，导致选择也没能拿到一个好分数。这时，倘若五道大题还都是你没背过的，那么今年政治这一科失误就重大了。在此给2021考研党提个醒，不要小瞧政治，该背一定要早点背，多背，不要仅靠着市面上的一些最后几套押题卷，就觉得自己妥了，其实最后很可能光政治一科就与你的对手差十几分，得不偿失。而且就2020考研政治考情分析可见，2021年也绝不会太过简单。二、英语一与去年难度持平，英语二难度明显提升英语是属于考完后，一直挂在热搜很难下去的一科，这主要就在于其难度真的吓退很多人。以前很多同学觉得英语二比英语一简单，所以选择考英语二的专业。然而今年不幸的消息就是英语二也明显提高了难度，英语一依旧保持其高标准的水平。所以对于大部分同学来说，只要你考研，英语这一大难题是很难躲掉的。建议2021考研的同学寒假就开始着手背单词，分析句子，英语早些准备，其最后结果一定不会太差。但是如果你想把英语当成一门临阵磨枪式的科目来学习的话，那考研成功的概率可就大大减小了。三、数学难度可与18年最难试题相较数学考试对于大部分同学来说是从小就最忌怕的一门考试。然而对于很多专业来讲，数学是必考科目，真是想躲也躲不开的。在考研数学史上，2018年的试题就难出了新高度，而今年竟然是直逼18年难度的。很多同学考完数学就已经心灰意冷，觉得考上的希望更渺茫了。所以对于2021考研的同学来说，如果你也要考数学，那么请你从现在就开始准备吧。这绝不是危言耸听，依照这样的形势来看，2021数学只会更难。四、专业课从未简单说到专业课的学习和考试，那绝对都是一个头两个大。很少有人会觉得自己专业课简单，基本都是一边背一边哭，熬过来的。专业课因为大家考的都不同，所以也没有办法做共性分析。但是值得一提就是随着考研人数越来越多，但是院校名额却并未增加，所以各院校提高试题难度，优中选优是很有可能的。如果此刻你已经确定了院校，那么寒假就开始看看书吧，因为也许你的竞争对手都已经看过一遍，准备着手背了。考研不易，众所周知。但是大家依旧坚持选择这条路，可见其蕴含的巨大价值还是很吸引人的。所以，不要因为它难而放弃，而是应该迎难而上，最终一定有你意想不到的收获。希望2021考研的同学们可以拿出勇气，坚持一年，克服困难，有心人终成硕士。

有考研er们经常会问关于考研真题，特别是真题中选择题的问题：“学长，经验贴分享的都是真题练习至少刷三遍，但是我刷完一遍之后，答案就在无意识中记下来了，后面再二刷三刷，选择题答案基本上就是秒选，怎么办？”相信很多同学在复习期间练习真题的过程中也会有类似的困惑。事实上，无论是政治、英语、数学，还是专业课，通常经验贴中说的“真题非常重要，至少要刷2~3遍”，这并不是指每一遍刷题，都只是简单快速地选择个答案而已。不同的情况下，刷题的目标都是不一样的。下面我就分以下几种情况详细说明一下——一、练第一遍真题对于一份新的真题、第一遍接触的题，首要目标是选出正确的答案。这种情况下，通常是在规定时间内要完成一整套的所有题目，所以，真题的第一次练习一定要保持有序的答题节奏，注意力集中，思考要时刻在线。这样才能做到不纠结、不犹豫，不会有审题不仔细的情况。练题过程中，不着急、不拖沓，养成属于自己的正常的答题节奏，不确定的题目要做好标记，先按照自己的第一感觉选，或者直接跳过，核对完答案后再去纠正、反思、弄懂每一道题。二、练第二遍真题第一遍题目都做完了，对完了答案和分数后，在回头复盘的时候，就相当于是第二遍接触的题了。这个时候，如果这道题做第一遍的时候选对了，那么在复盘过程中，给自己足够的时间，回想一下：做这道题目的过程中，用到了哪些解题方法？除了这个方法，有没有更直接更好更快的方法？如果没有其他方法，那就看看参考答案的解题思路是否和自己的做题过程中的思路一样？那如果这道题选错了或者被瞎蒙蒙对了，先不要看答案解析，要首先对错题进行自主分析：这道题为什么正确答案是这个？选错的那个选项是哪里错了？解题的过程中哪个步骤出了问题？考查的是什么知识点？以后碰到类似的题型，我应该注意哪些问题？归根结底，这么做就是为了查漏补缺。总结出属于自己的一套方法，以后在做同类型题目的过程中可快速执行，毕竟自己分析真正弄懂了的题目，才是真正消化了的。这样分析完一遍之后，再参考答案解析，对之前总结出来的结论进行优化和完善。或者给自己试着讲错题的解题思路：题目应该怎么做？正确答案为什么对？干扰项错在哪？如果能把自己成功说服了，那这道题目就彻底弄懂了。三、练第三遍&第四遍真题以后，再碰到做过的题，第三遍、甚至第四遍，如果题目忘记了怎么做的，那可以再重复一次第二遍的做题过程；如果题目有印象选择哪个答案，那么，知道为什么选这个正确答案之后，还要重点分析干扰项：比如，归纳命题人的命题思路、设置干扰项的常用方式，同时再复盘，所有做过的题目里，哪些题跟这道题是类似的？可以试着找出来并总结出一套同类型的题惯用的出题逻辑。如果说第一遍练题是站在学生的角度快速选答案，那么第二遍就是站在老师的角度做题目、答案、选项的拆分和解析；第三遍、第四遍练题，则是站在命题人的角度，去研究和揣摩出题思路。不仅选择题可以用这种思路去刷题，其他所有的题目都可以像这样练习第一遍、第二遍、第三遍、甚至第四遍。四、寄语21级考生在真题的练习上是会花很多时间的，有的时候一套真题做完，一个上午就过去了，再对完答案，又一个下午过去了，考研备考后期的很多时间也会花在真题上。所以大家在备考前期一定要尽量把所有知识点掌握，后期练起真题来才会游刃有余。当然，这个过程必然会是很辛苦的，但是，既然选择了考研这条路，那就需要全力以赴，能努力的时候，不要放弃任何一个可以努力的机会。加油！

公卫研习社网校题库功能全新升级以后，可谓是好评如潮！无纸化学习助你备考更加便捷和灵活，为你实习、工作时“减重”，助你攻克难点考点时“增效”。可谓是：研习社网校题库在手，“天下的”习题你都有！题目最全 解析到位 色彩分明 重点突出 错题再现实时纠错答疑组的老师通过精心绘制的表格、小结等形式将知识点前后联系、以点带面，助广大公卫考研学子能够做到“学一道题精一个知识点”，在刷题的同时，辅助大家建立完整的知识体系，达到事半功倍的效果。■■■■但是最近研习社发现仍有一部分同学以及新加入的同学对近期新升级的题库功能还不是很了解，所以，研习社的老师精心录制了一段小视频，就让我们一起再用简短的5分钟来看一下逃不过“真香定律”的题库功能吧！05:11如果你还在纠结不能随时随地刷题、答案没有解析、错题整理太麻烦等问题，请马上打开公卫研习社网校题库，利用“收藏、纠错、记录、进度”等功能，你将马上获得一个最惊喜的题库！如果你还没拥有，那还不赶快加入我们！