考研逻辑历年真题

2019考研逻辑分析推理快速入门（二）导读：本期是我们分析推理训练的第三期，练习假设法。这个方法在分析推理中经常用到，而且往年真题中也出现过多次，因此用假设法做相关分析推理题这个技巧一定要Get。形式逻辑有思维规律存在，分析推理同样存在规律，为了更快速的做出判断，拿到分数，就应该学习并总结一些特定的方法去把握规律。当然最重要的是同学们一定要坚持每周练习分析推理题目，逻辑思维能力就会增强，进而帮助我们在考试过程中抓住关键信息，做出准确又快速的判断。好，准备开始吧，让我们的思维飞起来！方法导读：假设法是对给定的问题先作一个假设，然后根据已给的条件进行分析，如果出现与题目给的条件相矛盾，说明假设错误，可再作另一个假设。如果结果只剩下一种可能了，那么问题就解决了。通过假设可以使复杂的问题简单化，使所求的问题明朗化，这样我们就可以更快地找到解决问题的突破口了。【假设法练习一】一个旅行者遇到了3个美女，他不知道哪个是天使，哪个是魔鬼。天使只说真话，魔鬼只说假话。甲说：“在乙和丙之间，至少有一个是天使。”乙说：“在丙和甲之间，至少有一个是魔鬼。”丙说：“我只说真话。”你能判断出有几个天使吗？【假设法练习二】一天，甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5个人参加一个聚会。由于下雨，5个人各带了一把伞。聚会结束时，由于走得匆忙，大家到了家以后才发现，自己拿的并不是自己的伞。现在已知：（1）甲拿走的伞不是乙的，也不是丁的；（2）乙拿走的伞不是丙的，也不是丁的；（3）丙拿走的伞不是乙的，也不是戊的；（4）丁拿走的伞不是丙的，也不是戊的；（5）戊拿走的伞不是甲的，也不是丁的。另外，还发现没有两个人相互拿错了雨伞。请问：这5个人拿走的雨伞分别是谁的？【假设法练习三】瑞西阿斯是古希腊最著名的预言家之一，他有四个徒弟A、B、C、D。但是，这四个徒弟中只有1个人后来真正成为了预言家。其余3个人，一个当了武士，一个当了医生，另一个当了建筑师。一天，他们四个在练习讲预言。A预言：B无论如何也成不了武士。B预言：C将会成为预言家。C预言：D不会成为建筑师。而D预言他会娶到公主。可是，事实上他们4个人当中，只有1个人的预言是正确的，而正是这个人后来当上了真正的预言家。请问，后来这4个徒弟各当了什么？【假设法练习四】一个猎人在森林中打猎时，分别从三只凶猛的野兽口中救出三个孩子。现在只知道：（1）被救出的孩子分别是毛毛、农夫的儿子和从狮子口中救出来的孩子；（2）牛牛不是樵夫的儿子，壮壮也不是渔夫的儿子；（3）从老虎口中救出来的不是樵夫的儿子；（4）从狗熊口中救出来的不是牛牛；（5）从老虎口中救出来的不是壮壮。根据上面的条件，说说这三个孩子分别来自哪儿？又是从哪种野兽口中救出来的？1.有几个天使答案推理剖析：有2个天使。假设甲是魔鬼的话，由此可推断她们几个都是魔鬼，那么，乙是魔鬼的同时又说了实话，存在矛盾。所以甲是天使，而且乙和丙之间至少有一个也是天使。假设乙是天使的话，从她的话来看，丙就是魔鬼。假设乙是魔鬼的话，从她的话来看，丙就是天使了。所以，无论怎样，都会有2个天使。2.谁拿了我的雨伞答案推理剖析：由已知条件可知：甲拿走的雨伞只可能是丙或戊的。乙拿走的雨伞只可能是甲或戊的。丙拿走的雨伞只可能是甲或丁的。丁拿走的雨伞只可能是甲或乙的。戊拿走的雨伞只可能是乙或丙的。假设甲拿走的是丙的，那么戊拿走的只能是乙的，丁拿走的只能是甲的，丙拿走丁的，乙拿走戊的。这样，乙和戊就相互拿了雨伞，与条件不符。所以甲只有拿走了戊的，乙拿走了甲的，丙拿走了丁的，丁拿走了乙的，戊拿走了丙的。这样才符合条件。3.谁是预言家答案推理剖析：因为预言家是4个徒弟中的1个，也就是说这个人或者是A、B、C或者D。设：B的预言是正确的。如果B的预言是正确的，那么C将成为预言家。这样，C的预言也是正确的。结果就将有两个预言家。这是不符合题设条件的。因此，B的预言是错的，他没有当上预言家。因为B的预言是错的，所以C后来也没有成为预言家。C的预言也是错的。C曾经预言：“D不会成为建筑师。”既然这个预言是错的，那么D日后将成为建筑师，而不是预言家。排除了B、C、D，就推出预言家一定是A。这时，只剩下武士和医生两个职业了，因为A的预言是正确的，所以B不能成为武士，只能是医生了。这样，4个人的职业分别就是：A成为预言家；B成为医生；C成为武士；D成为建筑师。4.幸运的孩子答案推理剖析：先针对其中一位姑娘，比如牛牛，可以列出如下组合：（1）牛牛，农夫的儿子，老虎；（2）牛牛，渔夫的儿子，老虎；（3）牛牛，渔夫的儿子，狮子。同样，也可以根据条件对毛毛和壮壮进行组合。然后综合一下，就可得出正确结果：牛牛是农夫的儿子，被猎人从老虎口中救出来的；毛毛是渔夫的儿子，被猎人从狗熊口中救出来的；壮壮是樵夫的儿子，被猎人从狮子口中救出来的。【真题再现】甲、 乙、 丙三人一起参加了物理和化学两门考试。三个人中，只有一个在考试中发挥正常。 考试前，甲说：“如果我在考试中发挥不正常，我将不能通过物理考试。如果我在考试中发挥正常，我将能通过化学考试。”乙说：“如果我在考试中发挥不正常，我将不能通过化学考试。如果我在考试中发挥正常，我将能通过物理考试。”丙说：“如果我在考试中发挥不正常，我将不能通过物理考试。如果我在考试中发挥正常，我将能通过物理考试。”考试结束后，证明这三个人说的都是真话，并且：发挥正常的人是三人中唯一的一个通过这两门科目中某门考试的人；发挥正常的人也是三人中唯一的一个没有通过另一门考试的人。从上述断定中能推出以下哪项结论？Ａ．甲是发挥正常的人。Ｂ．乙是发挥正常的人。Ｃ．丙是发挥正常的人。Ｄ．题干中缺乏足够的条件来确定谁是发挥正常的人。Ｅ．题干中包含着矛盾的信息。【真题解析】答案 Ｂ。整理题干信息： ①只有一个在考试中发挥正常；②将甲、 乙、 丙三人所说的话整理成表格如下：题干中关键的一句话为 “发挥正常的人是三人中唯一的一个通过这两门科目中某门考试的人；发挥正常的人也是三人中唯一的一个没有通过另一门考试的人”，所以我们做假设的思路为假设谁是发挥正常的人。假设甲是发挥正常的人，乙、丙发挥不正常，此时甲应该是唯一一个通过化学考试的也是唯一一个没有通过物理考试的， 而此时丙也没有通过物理考试， 矛盾， 故甲不是发挥正常的人；假设丙是发挥正常的人，甲、乙发挥不正常，此时丙应该是唯一一个通过物理考试的也是唯一一个没有通过化学考试的，而此时乙也没有通过化学考试，矛盾，故丙不是发挥正常的人；已知甲、乙、丙中有一个是发挥正常的，所以发挥正常的一定是乙。互动：快速而准确的做出答案才是最终的目的，所以题做完了要注意总结，最好将自己的思路整理并写下来，这样再遇到类似的题目了，就会轻车熟路。看到这里的宝宝们有没有觉得有所收获呢，那么赶快整理下来吧

2019考研逻辑分析推理快速入门（二）导读本期是我们分析推理训练的第四期，练习假设法。这个方法在分析推理中经常用到，而且往年真题中也出现过多次，因此用假设法做相关分析推理题这个技巧一定要Get。形式逻辑有思维规律存在，分析推理同样存在规律，为了更快速的做出判断，拿到分数，就应该学习并总结一些特定的方法去把握规律。当然最重要的是同学们一定要坚持每周练习分析推理题目，逻辑思维能力就会增强，进而帮助我们在考试过程中抓住关键信息，做出准确又快速的判断。好，准备开始吧，让我们的思维飞起来！方法导读假设法是对给定的问题先作一个假设，然后根据已给的条件进行分析，如果出现与题目给的条件相矛盾，说明假设错误，可再作另一个假设。如果结果只剩下一种可能了，那么问题就解决了。通过假设可以使复杂的问题简单化，使所求的问题明朗化，这样我们就可以更快地找到解决问题的突破口了。假设法练习一：天使只说真话，魔鬼只说假话。一个天使和魔鬼结婚以后生下了四个儿子，其中老大和老三继承了魔鬼的特性，只说假话；老二和老四继承了天使的特性，只说真话。下面是他们关于年龄的对话。甲：“乙比丙年龄小。”乙：“我比甲小。”丙：“乙不是三哥。”丁：“我是长兄。”你能判断他们的年龄顺序吗？假设法练习二：有4个瓶子分别装有白酒、啤酒、可乐、果汁，每个瓶子上都有标签。但是在装有果汁的瓶子上的标签是假的，其他的瓶子上的标签都是真的。你能知道每个瓶子里分别装的是什么东西吗？甲瓶子上的标签是：“乙瓶子里装的是白酒。”乙瓶子上的标签是：“丙瓶子里装的不是白酒。”丙瓶子上的标签是：“丁瓶子里装的是可乐。”丁瓶子上的标签是：“这个标签是最后贴上的。”假设法练习三：要从编号为A、B、C、D、E、F的六名运动员中挑选若干人去参加运动会，但是人员的配备是有要求的，具体要求如下：（1）A、B中至少去一人；（2）A、D不能一起去；（3）A、E、F中要派两人去；（4）B、C都去或都不去；（5）C、D中去一人；（6）若D不去，则E也不去。由此可见，被挑去的人是哪几个？假设法练习四：有三只猴子（大猴子、中猴子和小猴子）在果园里摘桃，它们都摘到了桃，但是都没有超过3个。回来的路上，三只猴子说了下面3句话。如果这句话说的是比自己摘桃多的一方，那么这句话就是假的，否则就是真的。大猴子：“中猴子摘到了2个桃。”中猴子：“小猴子摘到的不是2个桃。”小猴子：“大猴子摘到的不是1个桃。”请问：它们各自摘了多少个桃？真题再现：某公司年度审计期间，审计人员发现一张发票，上面有赵义、钱仁礼、孙智、李信４个签名，签名者的身份各不相同，是经办人、复核、出纳或审批领导之中的一个，且每个签名都是本人所签。询问四位相关人员，得到以下答案：赵义：“审批领导的签名不是钱仁礼。”钱仁礼：“复核的签名不是李信。”孙智：“出纳的签名不是赵义。”李信：“复核的签名不是钱仁礼。”已知上述每个回答中，如果提到的人是经办人，则该回答为假； 如果提到的人不是经办人，则为真。（1）根据以上信息，可以得出经办人是以下哪位？Ａ． 赵义 Ｂ． 钱仁礼 Ｃ． 孙智Ｄ． 李信 Ｅ． 无法确定（2）根据以上信息，该公司的复核与出纳分别是？Ａ． 李信、 赵义 Ｂ． 孙智、 赵义 Ｃ． 钱仁礼、 李信Ｄ． 赵义、 钱仁礼 Ｅ． 孙智、 李信小编提醒同学们，一定要记得做完题再看答案哦~这里是答案1、四兄弟答案推理剖析：四兄弟说真话的（老二和老四）不可能说“我是长兄”，所以，丁的话是假的，由此可知，丁不是老大，而是老三。那么，乙就不是老三了，丙的话就是真的，丙就是老二或者老四。假设甲说的是真话，丙和甲就是老二和老四（顺序暂时未知），乙就是老大了，则甲又在撒谎，这是相互矛盾的。所以，甲是老大。从甲的话（假话）可知，乙是老二，丙是老四。所以甲是老大，乙是老二，丙是老四，丁是老三。2、寻找果汁答案推理剖析：先确定哪个瓶子里装的是果汁。假设甲装的是果汁，那么乙装的就不是白酒；根据乙和丙瓶子上的话可知，丙和丁装的也不是白酒，只有甲是白酒，矛盾。假设乙装的是果汁，而甲说乙装的是白酒，矛盾。假设丁装的是果汁，丙说丁装的是可乐，矛盾。所以只有一种可能，就是丙装的是果汁。从而得到答案：甲瓶子：可乐。乙瓶子：白酒。丙瓶子：果汁。丁瓶子：啤酒。3、六名运动员答案推理剖析：从A、B中至少去一人，那么可能有的情况：A去B不去，A不去B去或者A、B都去。如果A去B不去，那么“A、D不能一起去”则D不能去，同时“B、C都去或都不去”则C不去，“C、D中去一人”就不成立。与题目矛盾。如果A不去B去，那么C也会去，D就不会去，E也就不去，如果A、E都不去，那么A、E、F中最多只能有一个人F去。与题目矛盾。所以A、B都去，那么C也会去，D不去，E也不去，所以A、E、F中就是A和F两个人去。所以去的人是：A、B、C、F。4、猴子的谎言答案推理剖析：（1）假设小猴子的话是假的，那么小猴子摘的桃少于大猴子，大猴子就只有1个，这是矛盾的。所以，小猴子的话是真的，小猴子大猴子，大猴子摘的桃不可能是1个。（2）假设中猴子的话是假的，中猴子摘的桃少于小猴子，小猴子是2个，所以中猴子就是1个。那么，大猴子的话就成了假的，而且必须是大猴子摘的桃少于中猴子，这与（1）矛盾。所以，中猴子的话是真的，中猴子小猴子，小猴子摘的桃不可能是2个。根据（1）、（2）可知，可能性有以下几种：（3）大猴子2个、小猴子3个、中猴子3个。（4）大猴子3个、小猴子3个、中猴子3个。在（4）的情况下，大猴子和中猴子是同样的，但是，大猴子又撒了谎，这是不可能的。所以，（3）是正确答案。即大猴子2个、小猴子3个、中猴子3个。5、真题解析（1）C第一步真假情况： 真假个数不确定。第二步判断真假：Ⅰ．选取假设对象：假设对象选取的关键在这样一句话 “如果提到的人是经办人，则该回答为假；如果提到的人不是经办人，则为真”，可知真假情况由“经办人”决定，故假设的内容锁定为“经办人”是谁。Ⅱ．做假设并进行推理：假设“钱仁礼是经办人”，赵义提到的人是经办人，则赵义说假话，即“审批领导的签名不是钱仁礼”为假，可知：审批领导的签名是钱仁礼，此时钱仁礼既是经办人又是审批领导，矛盾，故假设为假，钱仁礼不是经办人。第三步推出事实：可以发现后面三句话和第一句的形式完全一致，同理可以断定后面三句提到的人都不是经办人，即经办人不是李信、不是赵义、不是钱仁礼，只能是孙智。（可以自己分别假设经办人是李信、 赵义来巩固假设的思路）(2) Ｄ第一步：根据上一题推理出的结果和题干中明显的限制条件，可知四句话都为真。第二步：第二句和第四句中都出现了“复核”，是我们选择的突破口，即复核不是李信、不是钱仁礼，又不是孙智 （经办人）， 所以复核是赵义。 再由第一句可知审批领导不是钱仁礼， 则出纳肯定是钱仁礼。大熊老师有话说：快速而准确的做出答案才是最终的目的，所以题做完了要注意总结。同学们可通过这些题来体会如何进行假设对象的选取、假设模型的判断，相信经过这两期假设法的训练，同学们在这个方法的应用上得到了提高。继续加油！

MBA考研中，逻辑是最让棘手的，因为不是把书上的知识点记住就可以得分的。逻辑考试最重要的是平时生活中要积累一些逻辑思维，然后运用这些思维去推理。所以各位考研er在复习书本上的知识时，不要养成固定的思维模式，要不断创新，发掘自身的逻辑能力。一般而言，做题量越多，吸收的效果和反映的速度会更快一些，但是MBA考试作为在职的一种考试，大部分同学都是挤业余的时间来学习，不会有太多的精力来投入，因此逻辑这一科目不太适合用题海战术应对。逻辑所占分值也是最少的，对逻辑的要求大概只需要贡献三十多分就足够用了。一、学习逻辑理论知识　　理论知识是考生奠定逻辑思维能力的基础，逻辑理论知识有很多，不需要全部学会，考生重点掌握那些考试中经常考到、用到的知识点。　　学习逻辑首先要了解并熟记这些基本公式，然后重点学习如何分析题目，使用何种公式或规则，如何使用。　　理论知识的学习要与题型结合来学习，快速学会利用相关理论知识做题。同学在牢记考点的同时，也要熟悉该考点对应题型，做到知己知彼。　　二、题型分类专项训练　　题型专项训练是应用所学逻辑知识解题的思路与方法的强化巩固。专项训练要避免题海战术,注重分类型精练，练习后，反复思考总结，达到举一反三。　　这个过程做题不能凭感觉，而应该很清晰地选择所学知识来解题，重点训练思路和方法，用正确的思路来解题，不要太关注速度。　　通过分类训练方法让同学快速掌握相关考点，帮助同学进一步了解逻辑命题规律，强化逻辑解题思路与解题方法。促使逻辑综合技能方面趋于完善，逻辑思维能力与解题达到真正完美的统一。　　三、历年真题演练　　真题的题型及结构参考价值较高，整套历年真题的练习可帮助考生进一步熟悉考点及题型。　　对题目的阅读和分析是一个非常重要的过程，了解各种类型试题的题干、问题及选项的不同读法。如果阅读方法不对，读题的速度就很难上去；如果不会分析题目，就很难清楚考点是什么，不知道利用什么知识来解题。　　掌握读题及分析的方法后，可以据此做2008年至2019年的真题，真题训练在保证准确度的同时，还要训练做题的速度，每套30题限制在50分钟左右完成，做完每套真题后，要认真思考和总结。　　四、模拟考试　　综合能力试卷包括数学、逻辑、写作三部分，通过模拟考试首先要训练考生对各个科目做题的顺序及时间的分配，逻辑一般需要50至55分钟，先做拿手的科目或题目。　　其次，模拟测试还能起到查漏补缺的作用，找到自己掌握不牢的，容易出错的点。　　另外，模拟考试还可以训练考生的心理素质的作用。　　五、做题时间与做题顺序　　这个问题越临近考试就越重要，综合能力考试由三部分构成，试卷上印刷的顺序是：数学、逻辑、写作。　　所以谈到临场的时间问题必然要涉及的临场的顺序问题，顺序问题又分为两大类型，一类同学比较喜欢按照印刷的顺序来做，另外一类同学愿意调整一下印刷顺序，按照自己的判断标准去做。这两种没有对错之分，适合自己的就是最有利的。　　如果按照印刷顺序做，逻辑所消耗的时间不宜超过一个小时，这是一个基本点。如果做逻辑题超过一个小时的话，也不会多得多少分，一个小时以内是一个基本点，但是一个小时究竟花多少为宜呢？　　三个科目是受一些相互制约的，总体是因人而异的，这里边唯一没有弹性的就是写作，因为写作经过一两个月的训练，大部分同学会形成一个自己的时间，这个时间不太受题目难度的干扰，一般在六十分左右。如果写作定下来这六十分之后，那么逻辑和数学时间的花费是一个此消彼长的过程。　　如果觉得数学能有多一点的产出，那么就把数学放在前面，觉得逻辑有多一点的产出放在逻辑上也可以，但是总体上最好不要超过一个小时，我觉得下限不宜低于四十分钟，大概在四十分钟到一小时这样的时间范围，36分的一个成绩，这样目标就达到了。

2019考研逻辑分析推理快速入门（一）大熊导读：分析推理在近几年考试中分值越来越大，题量也越来越大。考试中做题速度和准确率尤其影响应试状态，现已成为拉开差距的关键环节。很多分析推理的基本方法和思维不是一蹴而就的，为了实现逻辑考试的高分，从现在开始，大熊老师带着我的小伙伴们一起整理一些常见常用的分析推理方法及题目，带着大家一起进行训练，请跟上我们的步伐，让我们一起见证你的努力吧！方法一：递推法方法导读：所谓递推法，是指由已知条件层层向下分析，并要确保每一步都能准确无误。在这个过程中，可能会有几个分支，应本着先易后难的原则，先从简单的一支入手，逐个分析，直至考虑到所有的情况，找出符合要求的答案。【递推法练习一】甲先生对乙先生说自己会读心术，乙不相信，于是两人开始实验。甲先生说：那我们来猜字母吧！你从26个英文字母中随便想一个，记在心里。乙先生：“嗯，想好了。”甲先生：“现在我要问你几个问题，你如实回答就可以了。”乙先生：“好的，请问吧。”甲先生：“你想的那个字母在carthorse中有吗？”乙先生：“有的。”甲先生：“在senatorial中有吗？”乙先生：“没有。”甲先生：“在indeterminables中有吗？”乙先生：“有的。”甲先生：“在realisation中有吗？”乙先生：“有的。”甲先生：“在orchestra中有吗？”乙先生：“没有。”甲先生：“在disestablishmentarianism中有吗？”乙先生：“有的。”甲先生：“我知道，你的回答有些是谎话，不过没关系，但你得告诉我，你上面的6个回答中，有几个是真实的？”乙先生：“3个。”甲先生：行了，我已经知道你心中想的字母是什么了！说完甲说出一个字母，正是乙心里想的那个！请问：乙先生心中所想的字母是什么？【递推法练习二】一个大家庭中有7个孩子，分别为老大、老二、老三、老四、老五、老六、老七。这7个人的情况如下。（1）老大有3个妹妹。（2）老二有1个哥哥。（3）老三是女的，她有2个妹妹。（4）老四有2个弟弟。（5）老五有2个姐姐。（6）老六也是女性，但她和老七没有妹妹。请问：这7个人中谁是男性？谁是女性？【递推法练习三】春游一个寝室有六个人，分别是小赵、小钱、小孙、小李、小周、小吴。他们打算去春游，但是对于谁去谁不去，他们有一些奇怪的要求。已知：（1）小赵、小钱两人至少有一个人会去。（2）小赵、小周、小吴三人中有两个人会去。（3）小钱和小孙两人是好朋友，总是形影不离，要么两人都去，要么两人都不去。（4）小赵、小李两人最近在闹矛盾，他们不想一起去。（5）小孙、小李两人中也只有一人去。（6）如果小李不去，那么小周也决定不去。根据以上要求，你能判断出最后究竟有哪几个人去春秋了呢？【递推法练习四】一名律师在家里被人杀害，警察抓到了四名嫌疑犯。警方根据目击者的证词得知，在律师死亡那天，只有这四个嫌疑人单独去过一次律师的家。在传讯前，出于各种不同的原因，这四个嫌疑人商定，每人向警方作的供词都是谎言。下面是每个嫌疑人所作的两条供词。嫌疑人甲：（1）我们四个人谁也没有杀害律师。（2）我离开律师家的时候，他还活着。嫌疑人乙：（3）我是第二个去律师家的。（4）我到达他家的时候，他已经死了。嫌疑人丙：（5）我是第三个去律师家的。（6）我离开他家的时候，他还活着。嫌疑人丁：（7）凶手不是在我去律师家之后去的。（8）我到达律师家的时候，他已经死了。这四个嫌疑人中谁杀害了律师？1.读心术答案推理剖析：读心术字母h。仔细看一看甲先生所问的6个词可以发现，carthorse与orchestra所含的字母完全相同，只是字母的位置不同而已。乙先生心中所想的字母在这两个词中，如果有则全有，如果无则全无，可是乙先生的回答是：一个说有，一个说无。显然其中有一句是假话。同理，senatorial与realisation所含字母也相同，而乙先生的回答也是一有一无，可见其中又有一句是假话，这些便是甲先生确定乙先生的回答中有假话的依据。从上面的分析可见，乙先生的4个回答中有两句是真话，两句是假话。根据题意，乙先生共答了三句真话和三句假话，所以乙先生的另外2个回答必定是一真一假。indeterminables与disestablishmentarianism，剩下的这最后两个词，尽管后者的字母比前者多很多，但这两个词中，除了后者比前者多了一个h字母外，其余的字母都是相同的或重复的。而乙先生说他心中所想的字母在这两个词中都有，如果前一个词中确有那个字母，那么，后一个词中无疑也应该有的。这样，两句话都成了真话，与题意不符。所以，乙先生的前面一句应是假话，后面一句是真话，即前一个词中是不存在乙先生心中所想的那个字母的，后一个词中则有这个字母。由此可见，它必定是后一个词中所独有的字母h。2.兄弟姐妹答案推理剖析：首先可以确定的是老三是女性，老六也是女性。因为老二有1个哥哥，所以老大是男性，由（1）知女性应该有3个。由（3）可知，老二也是男性。因为老四有2个弟弟，所以老五、老六、老七中只有老六是女性，并且老四只能是女的。因此，老大、老二、老五、老七为男性；老三、老四、老六为女性。3.春游答案推理剖析：春游小赵、小钱、小孙、小吴去了，小李、小周没去。分析：首先，小钱去的话，小孙也一定去，因此小李就不去，所以小赵会去。又因为小李不去，所以小周也不去。而小赵、小周、小吴中有两人去，所以只能是小赵、小吴去了。已知小赵、小钱至少有一人去，而小赵、小钱都去了，所以最后答案应该是小赵、小钱、小孙、小吴去了，其他人没有去。4.谁杀的律师答案推理剖析：律师是谁杀的凶手是甲。四个人的话都是谎言，因此甲、丙离开时律师已死，乙、丁到达时律师还活着，所以乙、丁应该比甲、丙先去的律师家。由乙不是第二个，丙不是第三个可以知道四个人的顺序是乙、丁、甲、丙，而从丁的第一句话知道他不是凶手，所以凶手是甲。【真题再现】一个村子里一共有50户人家，每家每户都养了一条狗。村长说村子里面有病狗。然后就让每户人家都可以查看其它人家的狗是不是病狗，但是不准检查自己家里的狗是不是病狗。当这些人如果推断出自己的狗是病狗的话，就必须自己把自己的狗枪毙，但是每个人在看到别人家的狗是病狗时不准告诉别人，也没有权利枪毙别人家的狗，只有权利枪毙自家的狗。然后，第一天没有枪声，第二天也没有枪声，第三天却传来了一阵枪声。请问这个村里一共有（）条病狗。A.2。 B.3。 C.4。 D.25。 E.50。【真题解析】答案B。第一步：假设恰好只有一条病狗，病狗的主人必然会看到其他人家的狗都没有病，那么就可以推断出自己家的狗有病，所以第一天就会有枪响。第一天没有枪响，说明病狗数大于一，即至少有两条。第二步：假设恰好有两条病狗，即病狗甲和病狗乙，病狗甲的主人会得知其他人家中有一条病狗乙，进而在第一天时满足了至少有一条病狗（病狗乙），因此病狗甲的主人第一天无法得知自己的狗是否是病狗。但第二天病狗甲的主人会想，如果自己的狗不是病狗，那么病狗乙的主人第一天就能猜出自己的狗是病狗，病狗乙的主人为何猜不出来，只能是我们两个的狗都是病狗。如果恰好有两只病狗，此时第二天应该该有两声枪响，第二天也没有枪响，说明病狗大于两只，即至少三只。第三步：以此类推，如果第三天也没有枪响则至少四只；如果第三天枪响，则有三条病狗。这类题考试时间有限，很难快速解得，考生需要记住基本结论，即第n天有枪响便有n只病狗，也会有n声枪响。考生可参考2019版《逻辑精点》236页第05题。【大熊想对你说】连上海幼升小的父母们都要考逻辑思维训练题了，足见逻辑思维训练已经成为将来必须具备的基本能力，先好好练好思维，摆脱单身汪，再让自己的小棉袄变“富三代”，听起来是不是“哎呦，不错哦”。2018年考研的岁月将会成为终身铭记的时光，它很美，美的让你不得不珍惜每一天，珍惜每一次训练的机会，来跟我一起拿下逻辑满分吧

#考研#一、重要考点2009——2020年，平均每年约考10道题。其中，考试频率最高的分别是：充分必要条件、德摩根定律、二难推理、箭头的串联、真假话问题、负命题。今天先分析充分必要条件二、充分必要条件符号及含义1）、充分条件：A→B，事件A发生，事件B一定发生。（有这个条件就够了，有它就行，没它不一定。）2）、必要条件：A←B，没有A，一定没有B；有B，不一定有A。（没它不行，有它不一定。）3）、充分必要条件：AB4）、A→B除非A,否则B=(A→B )A,否则B=(A→B )B,除非A=(A→B )三、箭头使用的六大原则1）、逆否原则：逆否命题等于原命题2）、串联原则3）、箭头指向原则：有箭头指向则为真，无箭头指向则可真可假。4）、有的互换原则：有的A是B等于有的B是A，有的A不是B等于有的有的非B是A。5）、有的开头原则6）、相同概念原则

当前距离2020考研初试大概还有两个多月，很多考研考生对于管理类联考中的逻辑甚是苦恼，做了很多题，依然摸不清楚做题的思路，亦或者做题的正确率总是很低，为此，中公考研管综逻辑老师在这里为各位考研考生讲一下如何快速提高逻辑题的准确率，具体步骤如下：一、题型判定要知晓判定题型永远是我们做题的第一步，因为题型的不同其解题思路会有很大的差异，所以判定题型就至关重要。翻译推理题主要体现在题干或选项中是否出现逻辑关联词;真假推理题主要是在提问方式中涉及真假话;分析推理题主要体现为题干中给出主体以及主体信息，而选项中主体与信息之间存在匹配关系。而论证类题目种类繁多，常见题型：加强支持、削弱质疑、相似比较、原因解释、理解推断、论证评价。对于这些不同的题型，其解题方法略有不同，但提醒大家需要注意的是，加强支持题的提问方式是选项对题干起到支持作用，而理解推断题是题干对选项起到支持作用。另外就是对于不正常的提问方式，要记得标记，防止因不细心错选漏选。二、规则与方法不可少在演绎推理部分，我们讲解了很多推理规则及方法，这些规则和方法各位考生务必要熟记于心，只有对知识点熟悉我们在做题时才能游刃有余，这样就会想到该题考查的目的，进而找到解题的切入点。在论证部分，出题人在出题时会故意干扰考生思考，会将题干材料变长、变复杂，如果大家在做题时不能摸索出出题人的意图，就很可能掉入其陷阱，抓不到题干想要表达的真正意思。因此，做论证题的第一步就是梳理论证结构，可以使用“位置法”和“关键词法”找到材料中的论点，随后抓住论点去寻找材料中的论据。三、多练习多刷题多思考俗话说，书读百遍其义自见。而对于考生来说，无非就是多做题，因为只有多做题才能慢慢领会出题人的意图，才能快速准确地找准考查点。这里的多做题不是就仅仅做题，而是要多去做同类型的试题，进而对同类型试题进行总结，摸索出题人的意图，找到切入点。而对于自己做过的错题，要学会反思并总结问题，不能做一遍草草了事，没有弄清根本，下次依然会错，所以建议大家多去总结自己做过的错题，找出错误原因，而不是盲目刷题。四、排除无关项，择最优。在论证题中，如果选项中涉及到与题干讨论的内容不一致或无关时，那么我们就可以进行快速排除。常见无关选项有：论题不一、偷换概念、诉诸无知、诉诸众人、诉诸权威、因人而异、价值判断、争议选项、金钱成本等。常见正确答案的特点：论证范围和题干一致，围绕题干论证进行，而不是仅提到论点或论据，换言之，不能脱离论证展开。

各位22届备考的同学们，由于大家目前处于考研的基础阶段，复习时间比较充裕，因此现阶段大家的主要学习任务就是打好逻辑基础。那么如何打好我们的逻辑基础呢？在这里我给大家提供一些关于寒假如何有效复习逻辑的小建议：一、明确总体复习计划，高效完成每日目标任务首先大家需要明确一下逻辑的总体复习计划，其次将总体复习计划按照学习阶段进行分解并执行。大家需要提前安排好每日学习的具体任务与内容，并且要保证有质量的完成。比如，在听完超学系统里的一个知识点讲解视频之后，我们不仅需要做好听课笔记，还要完成相应的课后练习题，因为做题是检验我们听课效果的一个重要标准，因此我们必须重视做题。它不但让我们对于相关知识点及考点有个清晰的认知，还能通过反复运用知识点从而进一步加深我们对于知识点的掌握与理解。推荐用书：《逻辑复习全书基础篇》（中国政法大学出版社，杨岳主编）二、循序渐进，系统学习在学习逻辑时大家应该系统地对其进行学习，从而构建出一个完整的逻辑体系。可以按照超学系统里的模块课程以循序渐进的方式去进行学习效果会更佳。逻辑主要分为三大模块内容，包括形式逻辑、论证逻辑以及语义理解。三者之间相互独立却又相互联系。在每个模块内容中都是有其自身的逻辑在内，比如形式逻辑中，从概念到命题，命题中从简单命题到复合命题，由浅及深，层层递进。而且在考研当中，孤立考察知识点的情况极为罕见，因此需要我们按照逻辑体系稳步复习，切忌重量轻质。推荐用书：《考研经管类联考逻辑基础教材》（万学教育-海文考研提供）三、及时复习知识点除了高效完成自己的目标任务和系统学习以外，还需要及时复习之前学过的内容。根据德国心理学家艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的规律来看，遗忘速度是先快后慢。在我们初次学习逻辑时，我们刚开始的记忆都是短期记忆，如果想让其变成长期记忆，就需要我们不断重复创造新的遗忘曲线，换句话说复习次数越多，你的记忆就越深刻。尤其逻辑是一门对人的思维要求很高的课程，因此，需要大家不断的去复习之前学过的内容，并结合新学习的内容，对于逻辑内容能够有新的体会与感悟。最后希望大家可以度过一个愉快而又充实的假期！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

逻辑应该是管综花费时间最少的科目，不只因为它分值最少，也因为它特别注重方法，可以用更少的时间得到更多的分数。而到了最后的冲刺阶段，我们其实是要做减法，没有必要没有头绪地做很多东西，只需注意几个点，逻辑就可以发挥出很好的成绩。01严格模考想要减少考场上的压力，并确定个人的答题战略，就必须进行模考。最好每周六上午准时进行模考，时间为上午8:30-11:30，下午14:00-17:00。一周一次即可，持续到考前最后一周，无忧班和冲刺包的学员从这周就已经开始了第一次模考。模考中，建议大家为答题卡预留10分钟的时间，即答题过程控制在2小时50分钟以内。在答卷过程中，要遵循最大可能地答完试卷为原则，即写作部分必须答完，答题卡必须都涂上，以争取最多的分数为目标。切忌给自己放水，为了保证“完美”度，而延长答题时间，这种行为会影响你对考场时间的把控及判断。针对模考试卷，建议大家只需把错题及模糊的题目弄清楚即可。02 保持题感在个人每周的学习计划中，各科目雨露均沾，可以对较差的科目多花一些时间，但切记一连几天只去攻克一科，而把其他科目放到一边。针对逻辑科目，将主要的时间，放在真题研究及做题目上。对真题的研究，最好的方法是将真题分类总结，按不同的题型总结出对应的做题方法，并且写出题干涉及的一些陷阱及需要注意的细节点，最好都要落实到纸上。做题目的就是为了保证熟练度，保证速度。可以做2013年之前的真题，也可以做一些高质的模拟题，建议优先考虑早年真题，每天最少20道，做完去总结错因并写出正确的解题思路。03调整心态调整心态的目的就是防止遇到难题，过于紧张和慌乱而影响整场的发挥。比如考场上遇到一道很难的题，3分钟内还没做出来就一定要跳过去。记住我们在面对沉没成本时，最好的策略就是放弃掉它，这要依赖于你平时刻意的练习及对自己充分的认识。平时要多给自己积极的暗示，如果你就是心烦意乱，可通过运动的方法使自己的心逐渐安静下来。之前有个学员因为考研而心情抑郁，就是通过跑步的方式走了出来，所以运动可以舒缓压力，并不是没有道理的。以上三点需要大家引起足够的注意，在最后的冲刺模考阶段，走好每一步就是为考研的成功增砖添瓦。最后别忘了我们的【写作救命班】，为你的上岸助力！