考研历年真题范文

本例为2006年考研数学二、四试题中的一道考题。【例】（2006数学二、四）【分析】本题主要对带参数无穷小的阶的比较进行考查。涉及的知识点有：无穷小的比较方法，如洛必达法则，泰勒公式，等价无穷小替换等方法。可用多种方法解答。【方法一】洛必达法则是解决这类问题常用的方法，但有时计算量稍大。由题设可知，由洛必达法则，有由上式极限分母极限为0可推得，再次应用洛必达法则，故，即则由（1）（2）（3），得，【方法二】利用泰勒公式法求解此类问题是非常有效的方法，尤其是涉及的函数为简单的初等函数（基本初等函数）时。根据泰勒公式，代入到题设等式中，得，整理并比较两端系数，得解得，【方法三】泰勒公式法为了更好应用泰勒公式法（或其他方法），可对题设等式变形。题设等式可变形为由泰勒公式代入，比较系数，得，【总结】（1）无穷小的阶的比较，是考研高频考点，常用方法有：泰勒公式，洛必达法则，无穷小等价，以及分类讨论；（2）不论是极限运算、求导求积运算，运算之前化简，变形会带来简便。本题变形后，利用洛必达法则进行计算，计算量也明显变小。

历年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 试题编号：51试题名称：交通工程学基础1992年：一． 在一条长度为24公里的干道起点断面上，于6分钟内观测到汽车100辆通过，设车流是均匀连续的且车速V=20公里/小时，试求流量(q)、时距(ht)、空距(hd)、密度(K)以有第一辆汽车通过此干道所需时间(t)[以分钟或小时计均可]。(15分)二． 某路段10年的统计，平均每年有2起交通事故，问此路段明年发生事故5起的概率是多少？又某交叉口骑自行车的人，有1/4不遵守红灯停车的规定，问5人中有2人不遵守交通规定的概率是多少？(15分)三． 某交叉口信号周期为40秒，每一个周期可通过左转车2辆，如左转车流量为220辆/小时，是否会出现延误(受阻)，如有延误，试计算占周期长的百分率，无延误则说明原因(设车流到达符合泊松分布)。(20分)四． 试说明区间平均车速、时间平均车速，行驶车速、设计车速的定义及区间平均车速与时间平均车速的关系。(15分)五． 简述交通事故的定义与主要指标并就其是否合理予以简评。(15分)六． 简述城市交通规划的类型、内容、程序与主要作用。(20分)1993年：一．何谓行车延误、固定延误、停车延误、行驶延误、排队延误、引道延误？影响延误的因素是什么？二．简述起讫点调查的目的、基本内容和步骤。三．我国的自行车交通存在的主要问题是什么？可采用哪些方法解决这些问题？所采用的方法各有何特点？四．某高速公路拟建立收费站。已知车辆是随机到达收费站的，其到达率为2000辆/小时，每辆车交费所需时间符合平均时间为6秒的指数分布。在采用多路排队多通道服务情况下，请用具体计算指标比较说明在应该收费站设2个、4个及6个收费口的效果。五．已知某十字交叉口，其东西干道一个方向有3条车道分别供左转专用、直行和直右混行；南北干道一个方向有2条车道，分别供直左混行和直右混行。车种比例，大车：小车=2：8，车头时距为2.65秒。信号灯周期为125秒；绿灯时间，东西向为70秒，南北向为50秒。路口折减系数取0.9。东西方向的左转车与右转车分别占该进口交通量的15%和10%；南北方向的左转车与右转车各占该进口交通量的15%。设该交叉口不影响对向直行车的左转交通量为134辆/小时；直右车道上允许的右转交通量为185辆/小时。请按停车线法计算应该交叉口的设计通行能力。1994年：一． 简述交通工程学研究的主要内容。二． 何谓“交通量“、”年平均日交通量“、”平均日交通量“、”高峰小时交通量“、”第30小时交通量“？请扼要阐明交通量的分布特性。三． 某停车场，到达车辆数是50辆/小时，停车场的服务能力为80辆/小时，其单一的出入道能容纳5辆车，问此出入道是否合适？四． 若在5公里长的公路上随机40分布辆汽车，求任意500米路段上有5辆以上的概率。五． 何谓高速公路合流部分、分流部分的通行能力？应如何计算？1995年：一． 试述交通量的空间分布和时间分布特性。二． 何谓“地点车速”、“区间车速”、“行驶车速”、“设计车速”？“时间平均车速”与“区间平均车速”有何关系？三． 某信号灯交叉口的周期t=95s，有效绿灯时间g=45s。在有效绿灯时间内排队的车流以800辆/小时的流量到达交叉口，在有效绿灯时间外到达的车辆要停车排队。设信号灯交叉口上游车辆到达率=360辆/小时，服从泊松分布。求使到达车辆不致两次排队的周期所占的最大百分率。四． 某无信号灯控制的交叉口，主要道路的双向交通量为N=1500辆/小时，车辆到达符合泊松分布，车流允许次要道路车辆穿越的车头时距t=5秒，次要道路车流的平均车头时距to=3秒。求次要道路车流能穿越主要道路车流的交通量。五． 试述影响交通事故的主要因素。1996年：一． 道路路段通行能力按性质可分为三种，试述其定义和确定方法。二． 何谓“服务水平”？划分服务水平等级的依据是什么？试对美国所划定的六个服务水平等级进行扼要的描述，并分析其合理与否？三． 道路交通运输对环境的影响有哪几方面？道路交通噪声源是什么？噪声强度与何有关？控制噪声的主要措施有哪些？四． 在某高速公路的入口匝道口，因意外情况关闭了tr=0.15h。已知车辆以均一的到达率=800辆/h到达匝道，而入口开启后排队的车队以均一离去率=1200辆/h离开匝道。试计算由于匝道口关闭而引起的：(1) 单个车辆的最长延误时间tm；(2) 最大排队车辆数Q；(3) 排队疏散时间to；(4) 排队持续时间tj；(5) 受阻车辆总数n；(6) 平均排队车辆数Q；(7) 单个车辆的平均延误时间d；(8) 车时总延误D。五． 已知某交叉口的定时信号灯周期长80s，一个方向的车流量为540辆/h，车辆到达符合泊松分布。求：(1) 计算具有95%置信度的每个周期内的来车数；(2) 在1s，2s，3s时间内有车的概率。(注：请携带计算器。解答时应注明题号，不必抄题，试题随答卷一起交回)1997年：一． 何谓行车延误？试述各种延误的定义及调查延误有何用？二． 何谓OD调查？简述OD调查的目的、内容与步骤。三． 1.试述交通密度的定义。2.如何度量高速公路的交通密度？3.已知某高速公路的允许最大车速为120km/h，若其密度为10辆/km，阻塞密度为100辆/km，速度-密度呈直线关系，此时平均车速为多少？四． 某交叉口，东西干道一个方向有2条车道，南北干道一个方向有3条车道，各车道的车流方向如图所示。车种比例为大车：小车=1：1，车头时距为3.26秒。信号灯周期为120秒；绿灯时间，东西向50秒，南北向为65秒。第一辆车起动，通过停车线时间为2.3秒。路口折减系数为0.9。东西方向的左转车与右转车各占该进口交通量的15%，南北方向的左转车和右转车分别占该进口交通量的20%和10%，左转车影响系数为0.925。设该交叉口不影响对向直行车的左转交通量为109辆/h，直右车道上允许右转交通量为150辆/h。请按停车线法计算该交叉口的设计通行能力。五． 车流在一条单向双车道公路上畅通行驶，速度为100km/h，由于突发交通事故，交通管制为单向单车道通行，其通行能力为1200辆/h，此时正值交通高峰，单向车流量为2500辆/h。在发生交通事故的瓶颈段的车速降至5km/h，经过1.0h后交通事故排除，此时单向车流量为1500辆/h。试用车流波动理论计算瓶颈段前车辆排队长度和阻塞时间。1998年：一． 交叉口延误一般分为哪几种，主要有哪些调查方法，交通口延误有何作用？二． OD调查在交通规划中有何作用，主要有哪些调查方法？各种方法有什么特点，适用于什么条件？三． 何为车头时距，其在通行能力研究中有哪些主要作用？交叉口的服务水平一般根据哪些指标进行划分，你认为交叉口的服务水平应根据什么指标进行划分，为什么？四． 根据对某实际观测数据的拟合，得到了如下速度(S)-密度(D)关系：S=54.9e(-D/163.9)D50S=26.8Ln(162.5/D) D50当D=50时，流量应有两个，分别为多少？这种关系有什么特点，反映了何种交通现象？五． 根据流动车法的原理推导出相应的计算交通量、平均行车时间、平均行驶速度公式，说明流动车法有何优点和不足？1999年：一． 何为交通密度，如何得出，有何用途？二． 何为时间平均车速和空间平均车速，两者有何区别与联系，各有什么用途？三． 双车道公路车辆运行有何特点，其服务水平一般根据什么指标进行划分？你认为应根据什么指标进行划分，为什么？四． 交通分配主要有哪些方法，各种方法有何特点，适用于什么条件？五． 何为绿波设计，绿波设计有哪些要素，适用于什么条件？六． 车流在一条单向双车道公路上畅通行驶，速度为90km/h，其通行能力为每车道1000辆/h，单向车流量为1500辆/h。由于施工，交通管制为单向单车道通行，在交通管制段车速降至10km/h，经过1.0h后施工完成，公路恢复单向双车道通行。试用车流波动理论计算施工段前车辆排队长度和阻塞时间。2000年一.何为车头时距和车头间距，如何根据其得出交通量、密度、速度，它们在交通工程研究中有何作用？二.交叉口延误分为几种,有哪些观测方法,有何作用？三.高速公路交叉段主要包括哪些形式，有何运行特征，其通行能力主要手哪些因素影响？四.OD调查主要有哪些方法,有何特点,OD调查资料有何作用？五.何为交通信号面控制系统，按其功能划分主要有几种类别？其基本原理是什么？六.在速度（v）——密度（k）关系中，包括如下线形模型和指数模型V = Vf（1 – K / KJ ）V = Vf *e（– K / KJ）设畅行速度，阻塞密度，试分别求出两种关系式对应的极大流量，临界速度，最佳密度。并对两种模型进行比较分析。2001年试题编号：519试题名称：交通工程学基础一.何为交通密度，与车头间距间有何关系,有何作用？二.何为连续流，何为间断流，连续流和间断流各有什么特征？三.双车道一般公路路段车流有何运行特征，其服务水平主要根据哪些指标进行划分，为什么？四.出行分布预测主要有哪些模型，各种模型有何特点，运用于什么条件？五.单向交通管理有哪些模型，有何特点，运用于什么条件？六.何为绿波交通，其主要控制参数是哪些，其效果主要受哪些因素影响？2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《交通工程学》考试题一、 何为时间平均车速和空间平均车速，各有什么用途？两者有何关系？12’二、 何为交通密度，有何用途？主要调查方法有哪些？12’三、 何谓交通需求管理？何谓交通系统管理？各有哪些主要策略？16’四、 非平衡交通分配方法有哪些？各自的适用条件是什么？10’五、 何谓OD调查？简述主要调查类别及各自的调查方法？16’六、 高速公路单向车行道的设计通行能力公式为：试说明各个符号的含义。14’七、 在交通连续流模型中，假定流速与密度之间的关系式为，试依据两个边界条件，确定系数a、b值，并导出速度与流量，以及流量与密度的关系式。10’八、 写出流动观测车法计算交通量、平均行程时间、平均车速的公式，并说明表达式中各自参数的含义。10’2004一、 选择题（每题5分，共30分）1. 在交通调查区域中预估到其中几个交通区的交通发生和吸引量将有大量的变化，此外，若干现状还未任何出行的交通区也将有发展，在这种情况下，交通需求预测采用何种交通分布方法较为合适？＿＿a　重力模型法　　　　　　　　　　　　　b　弗雷特法c　平均增长率法　　　　　　　　　　　　d　均衡增长率法2. 某双向两车道公路，2003年5月13日星期二测得日交通量为14770辆/日，五月份月变系数为0.98，星期二的日变系数为0.97，设计小时系数为0.125，方向不均匀系数为0.6，单车道通行能力取800辆/小时，则该公路双向需修成＿＿。a　二车道　　　　　b　四车道　　　　　　c　六车道 d　八车道3. 道路交通流中车头时距统计分析可用＿＿来描述。a 二项分布 　　b 负指数分布　　　　　c 泊松分布　　　　　 　 d　负二项分布4. 一批驾驶员按一试车方案各以同一速度沿道路驾车行驶，分别用雷达测速计和在道路上行驶的行程时间记录，两种方法计算各自的车速及平均车速。如对所有车辆行驶的速度由车上经校正的示速表表明并不一样，则下列答案正确的是＿＿。两种方法所得的平均车速相同 b. 前者大于后者c. 前者小于后者 d. 前者小于或等于后者5. 交通标志设计的三要素是＿＿。a. 颜色、形状、图案 b. 相位、周期、绿信比c. 流量、速度、密度 d. 颜色、形状、图符6． 实际停放车累积次数与车位容量之比称为＿＿。a. 停车密度 b. 停放车指数c. 停放周转率 d. 停放饱和度二、简答题：（每题10分，共60分）1. 何谓OD调查？简述主要调查类别与方法。2. 简述智能运输系统研究的主要内容。3. 何谓车辆换算系数？你认为对于路段、信号交叉口、环形交叉口，该系数如何求算较为合理？4. 影响交织区交织运行的参数有哪些？5. 何谓服务水平，其分级是按什么指标划分的？你认为高速公路、一级公路、双车道二级公路、信号交叉口服务水平评价分析用什么指标合理？设计时各应采用何种服务水平等级？6. SCOOT、SCAT、TRANSYT系统的优化参数及其各自优化原理？三、计算题（每题20分，共60分）1． 在一条车流中有30％的车辆以60公里/小时的稳定速度行驶，有30％的车辆以80公里/小时行驶，其余40％则以100公里/小时行驶，一观测车以70公里/小时的稳定车速随车流行驶5公里时，有17辆车超越观测车（指超越观测车数减去被测试车超越数），在观测车以同样速度逆车流行驶5公里时，迎面相遇的有303辆车，试问： a. 车流的平均车速和流量是多少？（12分）b. 试求有多少辆车以100km/h行驶的车超越观测车？（6分）c. 用上述观测法得到的是时间平均车速还是空间平均车速？（2分）2．通过高速公路特定路段数据采集、统计，并分析得出速度（V）与密度（K）的两个修正公式：V=57.5(1-0.008K) （1）V=61.2e－0.015K （2）试就上述两个公式，分别回答如下问题：a. 找出自由流速度（Vf）及最佳密度（Km） （8分）b. 推导流量－速度及流量－密度的函数关系式 （8分）c. 确定路段的最大流量值（Qm） （4分）3. 已知某交叉口（如右图），东西干道一个方向有三个车道，南北支路一个方向有一条车道。受车流不均匀性及非机动车、行人干扰的折减系数为0.9。信号灯管制交通配时：周期T＝120S，绿灯tg＝52S，绿灯亮后，第一辆车启动，通过停车线的时间为2.3S。车种比例大车：小车为2：8，车辆平均通过停车线的时间为2.65S。东西方向左转车占该进口交通量的15％，右转车占进口交通量的10％；南北向左转、右转各占该进口交通量的15％。求该交叉口的设计通行能力。2005交通工程学基础试题一、 选择题(每题4分，共40分)1. 车头时距分布可以用＿＿＿拟合。a. 负指数分布　　 　b.　二项分布　　c.　泊松分布　　 　d.　负二项分布2. 对同一道路交通条件而言，基本通行能力(C基)、可能通行能力（N可）与实用通行能力（N实）之间的关系。a. N可＞N基＞N实　　　 　　　b. N可＞N实＞N基c. N基＞N可＞N实 d. N基＞N实＞N可3. ITS是指________。a. 交通需求管理 b. 交通系统管理b. 交通管理 d. 智能运输系统4. 时间平均车速()与空间平均车均()的关系为_______。a. () ＞ () b. () ≤ () c. () ＝ () d. () ≥ () 5. 高峰小时交通量与高峰小时内某一时段的交通量扩大为高峰小时后的交通量之比称为_______a. 高峰小时系数 b. 高峰小时交通量c. 高峰小时流率 d. 高峰小时流量比6. 车辆行驶路程与通过该路程所需的总时间(包括停车时间)之比称为_______。a. 地点车速 b. 行驶车速c. 行程车速 d. 临界车速7. SCOOT系统是指________a 绿波系统 b 交通网络优化技术c 脱机控制系统 d 联机选择式控制系统8. 当速度采用Greenshields线性模型，以下表达式正确的是_______a. b. c. d. 9. 某双向道路，两个方向的交通量分别为400辆/小时和600辆/小时，该道路的方向不均匀系数Kd应为_______a. 40% b. 60% c. 50% d. 66.7%10. 对于过境车辆(起讫点均在调查区外)，应该用__________方法调查其出行情况？a. 家访 b. 发明信片法 c. 路边询问 d. 电话询问二、 简答题(每题8分，共40分)1. 简述单向交通种类及优缺点。2. 何谓绿波设计？主要参数有哪些？3. 何谓交通密度？有何用途？主要调查方法有哪些？4. 简述交通量、服务交通量、通行能力的区别与联系。5. 何谓车辆换算系数？有何用途？对不同管制交叉口及路段而方言，这些系数值是否相同？6. 非平衡交通分配的方法有哪些？各自适用条件？7. 服务水平等级划分的依据是什么？8. 交通标志设计的三个要素是什么？三、 计算题(每题10分，共20分)1. 在一条30km长的某路路段的起点断面上，在5min内测得60辆汽车，车流是均匀连续的V=30km/h，试求Q、ht、hs、K以及第一辆车通过这段路所需时间t。2. 测试车在长5km的路段上往返行驶共12次，观测数据列于表中，求东行、西行车流量、运行时间与车速。用测试车法测得的数据2006一、 填空题（每题6分，共60分）1． 区间平均速度指在某一特定瞬间，行驶于道路某一特定长度内的全部车辆的车速分布的平均值，当观测长度为一定时，其数值为地点车速观测值的；时间平均速度指在单位时间内测得通过道路某断面各车辆的地点车速的；由区间平均速度推算时间平均速度的关系式为2． 一个新规划的城市中，假定各交通区间的出行量和起点交通区所产生的出行量及吸引到终点交通区的出行量成正比，并且和交通区间出行时间的平方和成反比，交通区间出行时间均为10分钟，三个交通区产生量、吸引量以及C→A未来出行分布量如下表，试作出行分布计算，得x=，y=，z=。3． 干道交通信号协调控制系统的基本参数指与4． 单向交通是指道路上的车辆只能按一个方向行驶的交通。可分为固定式单向交通、、、。5． 智能运输系统可分为先进的交通管理系统、、、运营车辆调度管理系统、先进的乡村运输系统、和自动公路系统。6． 交通事故现场调查主要有时间、、和调查。7． 道路交通主标志按作用可分为警告标志、、、指路标志、旅游区标志和。8． 交通工程中用以衡量声压大小的标准有SPL、dB(A)及L10，各自含义为：、和。9． 停车调查的方法有连续式调查、和询问式调查；停车需求预测可归纳为建立土地利用与停车产生率的关系模式的基于类型分析法的模型，建立停车需求与城市经济活动、土地使用等多因素相关的基于相关分析法的模型及基于停车与车辆出行关系的出行吸引模型。10．在公路设计中，对高速公路基本路段、匝道—主线连接处、交织区均采用级服务水平；不控制进入的汽车多车道公路路段在平原微丘处采用级服务水平；混合交通双车道公路路段采用级服务水平。二、 简述题（50分）1（15分）．简述SCOOT、SCATS、TRANSYT区域交通控制系统原理及参数优化方法。2（15分）．交通需求预测四阶段法，分哪几个阶段？各阶段的功能是什么？分别采用哪些常用的主要模型？各种模型有何特点及适用条件？3（20分）．简述交通工程学的研究内容，你认为我国交通工程近期应重点研究哪些问题。三、 计算题（40分）1（10分）．在一条24km的公路路段起点断面上，于6分钟内测得100辆汽车，车流是均匀连续的，车速v＝20km/h、试求流量（q）、平均车头时距（ht）、平均车头间距（hs）、密度（k）以及第一辆车通过该路段所需的时间。2（10分）．测试车在长1500米的路段上，往返行驶12次，观测数据列于下表，试求道路上的车流向东和向西行驶的流量和车速。3（10分）．某设左转专用道的信号灯控制十字交叉口，设左转专用相位，信号周期为40s，每周期内可通行左转车3辆，如果左转车流为220辆/小时，是否会出现延误？假定车辆到达符合泊松分布，这种延误在周期中所占的百分比是多少？4（10分）．设车流的速度与密度的关系为V＝88－1.6K，若要限制车流的实际流量不大于最大流量的0.8倍，求速度的最低值和密度的最高值。（假定车流的密度<最佳密度Km）《交通工程学》期末考试试题（B）一、填空题（每空0.5分，共5分）1、道路上当车辆的到达概率服从泊松分布时，车辆的车头时距属于分布。2、排队系统中“顾客”的到达规律有三种，分别是， 和。3、描述交通流基本特征的宏观指标是交通量（Q）、车辆速度（V）、交通密度（K），此三者的数学关系模型是；车辆速度和交通密度的直线关系模型是 。4、道路的理想通行能力是指道路处于条件下，标准车辆以 的车头间距连续行驶通过的车辆数。5、道路上交通量达到最大时（也就是饱和流量）的速度叫做 ，此时的交通密度叫做。二、判断题（正确的在后面括号内写“T”，错误的在后面括号内写“F”,每小题1分，共10分）1、动视力是汽车行驶时，驾驶员同车体一起按一定的速度前进，驾驶员观察物体运动的视力。（ ）2、85%车速用于确定路段的最大限位车速，特别是高速公路。（ ）3、交通量调查资料可以为道路几何设计和确定交通管理设施提供依据。（ ）4、“排队系统”包括正在排队的车辆（人）和正在接受服务的车辆（人），不包括服务系统。（ ）5、交通堵塞是引起固定延误的主要原因。（ ）6、道路上来车比较拥挤，车辆流量很大，这时的来车概率符合泊松分布。（ ）7、驾驶员反应时间的长短取决于反应的复杂程度、驾驶员训练情况。心理生理状况、疲劳影响、疾病或酗酒等。（ ）8、非自由状态行驶车辆有三个特性：制约性、延迟性、传递性。（ ）9、路网密度是指一个区域的路网密度等于该区域内道路总长与该区域的总面积之比。每百平方公里国土面积拥有的公路里程数。（ ）10、驾驶员疲劳的主要原因：驾驶员的睡眠、生活环境、车内环境、车外环境、行驶条件、驾驶员自身条件。（ ）三、不定项选择题（下面每小题有一个或一个以上的正确答案，多选或少选均不得分，每小题2分，共20分）1、当道路上车辆到达符合泊松分布时，车辆的车头时距符合哪种分布（ ）。A、负指数分布 B、移位负指数分布 C、M3分布 D、厄兰分布2、道路处于理想条件下，标准车辆以最小的车头间距连续行驶通过的车辆数称为道路的( )通行能力。A、实际通行能力 B、设计通行能力 C、一般通行能力 D、理想通行能力3、停车场里车辆的停放方式有哪几种（　　）。A、平行式 B、叠方式 C、垂直式 D、斜列式4、驾驶人以下哪些行为会导致道路交通事故（　　）。A、反应迟钝 B、判断失误 C、驾驶错误 D、紧跟前面的车辆5、以下哪些因素会影响车辆污染物的排放（　　）。A、车速 B、车辆运行状态 C、道路纵坡 D、道路的服务等级6、车辆跟驰特性主要表现在（ ）。A、车辆之间的制约性 B、后面车辆反应的延迟性C、车辆性能的传递性 D、车辆状态的传递性7、以下哪些可以反映交通密度的分布特征（ ）。A、道路的空间占有率 B、观测时间内车辆的时间占有率C、道路交通量 D、车辆速度8、一次死亡1－2人，或重伤3人以上、10人以下，财产损失3—6万的道路交通事故属于（ ）。A、轻微事故 B、一般事故 C、重大事故 D、特大事故9、以下哪些因素可以影响车辆的速度（ ）。A、驾驶员的影响 B、车型的影响 C、道路的影响 D、交通条件和道路环境10、公共汽车交通的特性有（　 　）。A、适应性广 B、线路设置灵活 C、车站设置灵活 D、行车组织灵活四、简答题（每小题6分，共24分）1、区间车速的调查方法有哪些？ 2、简答交通安全设施有哪些。3、简述控制汽车污染物排放的措施。4、什么是车头时距？什么是车头间距？五、计算题（第1题9分，第2题10分，第3题12分，共31分）1、一无信号控制交叉口，主要道路双向流量为1200辆/h，车辆到达符合泊松分布，车流允许次要道路穿越或左右转弯并线的车头时距6s，如次要道路采用让路控制，车辆跟驰行驶的车头时距3s，求（1）次干道上可以通过的交通量。（7分）（2）此次交叉口的通行能力。（2分）2、高速公路入口收费站，车辆到达是随机的，流入量为400辆/h，如果收费工作人员平均能在8s内发放通行卡，符合负指数分布，求：排队系统是否稳定（2分）；收费站排队系统中的平均车辆数（2分）；平均排队长度（2分）；排队系统中的平均消耗时间（2分）和排队中的平均等待时间（2分）。3、3107国道长沙回龙铺观测站某年的各月交通量如下：求：AADT(4分)，2月份的MADT(4分)，12月份的月变系数K月(4分)。六、综合题（10分）下图是交通量Q与密度K的曲线图，试述从A经B经C再经D到E的过程中，交通量Q、密度K、速度V的变化情况；（6分）已知C点时，道路上车辆的平均车头间距是15m/辆，平均车头时距是1.5s/辆，求道路上的饱和交通量Q（2分）和此时对应的车辆密度K（2分）。B卷答案一、填空题（每空0.5分，共5分）。1、负指数分布2、确定性输入或定长输入 泊松输入 爱尔朗输入或厄兰输入3、Q=KV 4、理想 最小5、临界速度 临界密度二、判断题（正确的在后面括号内写“T”，错误的在后面括号内写“F”,每小题1分，共10分）1、T 2、F 3、T 4、F 5、F 6、F 7、T 8、T 9、T 10、T三、不定项选择题（下面每小题有一个或一个以上的正确答案，多选或少选均不得分，每小题2分，共20分,）1、A 2、Ｄ 3、ACD 4、ABC 5、 ABC 6、ABD 7、AB 8、C 9、ABCD 10、ABCD四、简答题（每题6分，共24分）。1、区间车速的调查方法有哪些？答：（1）牌照法（1分）（2）流动车法（1分）（3）跟车法（1分）（4）驶入驶出法（1分）（5）五轮仪法（1分）（6）光盛测速法（1分）2、简答交通安全设施有哪些。分隔带、设交通岛、设行人横道、设防眩设施；（2分）设置道路标志、路面标线、交通信号；（2分）变向车道、单向交通、建立交通信息系统、视线诱导标志等。（2分）3、简述控制汽车污染物排放的措施。（1）严格执行有关法规,加强环境监测。（1分）（2）改进机动车设备控制排污量。改进内燃机结构，使汽油在燃烧完全。研究改进汽车的废气净化装置，加装净化装置等，以减少或改变排污的成分与数量。（2分）（3）改进能源。采用代替汽油的燃料（如乙醇汽油）是减少汽车排污的有效措施。（1分）（4）合理地布置路网与调整交通流综合治理交通。（1分）（5）绿化。净化道路交通环境的既经济又有效的措施，并与降低交通噪声的绿化措施综合予以考虑。（1分）4、什么是车头时距？什么是车头间距？车头时距是指同一车道、同一方向连续行驶前后相邻的两辆车的车头通过某一点的时间间隔。（3分）车头间距是指同一车道、同一方向连续行驶前后相邻两辆车之间在某一瞬时的车头间距。（3分）五、计算题（第1题9分，第2题10分，第3题12分，共31分）1、解：（1）q=1200/3600=0.33 （1分）t0=6，t=3 （2分）Q次 =（Q主e-qt0）/(1- e-qt ) =(1200* e-0.33*6)/(1- e-0.33*3 )=257（辆/h）（4分）（2）次交叉口的通行能力Q主+Q次=1200+257=1457（辆/h） （2分）2、解：λ=400/3600（辆/s）, μ=1/8 （辆/s）ρ=λ/μ=0.89 <1 ，排队系统是稳定的。（2分）收费站排队系统中的平均车辆数： （2分）平均排队长度：（2分）排队系统中的平均消耗时间：（2分）排队中的平均等待时间：（2分）3、解：AADT=(162986+131694+196144+197958+200431+195409+193276+103563+205441+190656+205951+220723) ÷12=183686 (4分)2月份的MADT=131694/28=4703 (4分)12月份的月变系数K月= AADT/MADT12=183686/(220723÷31)=25.8 (4分)六、综合题（10分）答：速度的变化：A点速度最大Vf ，随着车辆的增加，速度越来越小，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，速度为零（2分）；交通量的变化：A 点交通量很小，随着车辆的增加，到达C点时交通量最大，随后随着车辆的增加，交通量越来越小，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，交通量为零（2分）；交通密度的变化：A 点交通密度很小，随着车辆的增加，交通密度一直在增加，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，交通密度到达最大（2分）。车辆到达C点时，交通量最大，由Q=3600/ht=3600/1.5=2400辆/h（2分）K=1000/hs=1000/15=67辆/km（2分）

考研的历年真题逐渐成为了大家备考的一个风向标，通过做真题，大家可以深刻地去体悟出题人的考核思路，让大家在复习的时候能有所参考，不至于学得稀里糊涂。那么，如何利用历年真题更高效呢？下面文都网校给大家分享一些学长学姐们总结的经验。2021考研历年真题1.利用真题，快速融入考研复习氛围考研初期，21考研人还不清楚考研的方式和难度，通过做一遍各科的真题，就会很快了解自身的差距在哪里了，也能让自己更警醒一些，重视考研复习的每一个阶段。同时也能让你了解到你的基础是否扎实。2.利用真题，反复检测自己的复习进度考研的每一个阶段，都要给自己分配好总结检验的时间，每月至少1次，这样能最快的暴露出你的盲点和弱点。为你下一步的总结奠定了基础。同时，也可以让你更加熟悉考核的重点。3.利用真题，预测把握命题的规律如果你前几点做得足够好了，那么更进一步的标志就是你突然发现，这些考题的命题规律是有迹可循的，虽然每年都会反押题，但是，还是有不少老师很容易就猜到了命题方向，这不是他们有多么神秘，无他，唯手熟尔！就比如文都网校的考研英语名师何凯文老师，几乎每年都能猜中命题方向，这就是经验的厉害之处。其实大家如果历年真题做得足够多，理解得足够深入，也可以有大致的方向判断。这样也可以减少你将时间用在不考核的内容上面。4.利用真题，做查漏补缺尤其是在最后几个月的复习里，由于学习内容太繁杂，你已经没有时间去做很系统的检测了，做做历年真题或者模拟题成了你唯一的检测手段。主要是这时候的心态一般都不稳定，记不住知识点，焦虑等。所以，做做真题不但能快速知道自己哪里不足，还能熟悉考场的做题时间分配。2021考研备考5.利用真题，可以为你打开解题思路每一道题都会有一个最佳的解题方法，节省时间，考核重点。历年真题做得多了，大家会熟悉很多的解题技巧，如果你善于总结，那么你会得到很多意外的惊喜。比如20考研初试的数学普遍很难，但是，如果你平常懂得总结解题技巧，你就会很快地将难题分解，联想。即使你不能保证完整做出，那么其中的大部分过程，你还是能写出来的，步骤分应该能拿得到的。分享了这些经验，也是希望2021考研人能重视历年真题，早早的就应该将这些资料搜集齐全，方便后续的复习。更多免费的学习资源可以去文都网校那里去查看。

2020考研英语作文模板及历年真题套用演练 2020考研英语作文模板及历年真题套用演练 关注星火英语，获取更多考研资讯与考试干货

没必要背原文，有必要背模板。作文在英语中占25%-30%，一旦立意或者结构出粗，分数很可能极低，所以有一部分同学来问学姐：考研英语真题作文，是不是得背？学姐的答案也写得很明显啦：别去背作文，要背就背模板！英语考研作文写作基本分为三个层次：没有框架当场发挥、跟着自己总结的框架写、套用别人的框架写。没有框架当场发挥如果不是你没有好好准备作文，那一定是你基础较强。这里所说的当场发挥其实是指自己没有跟着固定的框架，在考场上利用自己积累的单词、长难句进行“临时起意”，当然了，这种难度很大，也不适用于大部分同学的情况下。跟着自己总结的框架写这就是我在上面所说的没有必要背原文，有必要背模板。完完整整背诵一篇大作文大约需要一个小时左右，小作文需要三十分钟，这还不包括你后期需要巩固、默写、改错等花费的时间。而且就算你背了原文，考出一模一样内容的几率很小，你还需要在考场上当场修改部分关键词。而被框架其实就是背作文的另一种方式，掌握基本、通用的长难句，再经过自己的“实操”，总结出符合自己表达的写作框架和表达搭配，到了考场上，选择合适的句型结构进行搭建，然后填上关键词。既能节省你背作文的时间，还能保证“一个句子不会写，另一句也能替换”，何乐而不为呢？而且本身背作文就是在背句子，那为什么不去记一些易懂的句型呢？套用别人的框架写在近几年对学生的了解中发现，这种情况还是挺多的。很多同学因为复习作文比较短，自己的框架模板没有搭建好，所以对考试比较发怵。就会在考试前夕提前买作文模板，比如张国静老师的作文“救命”模板，因为同一院校、同一报考点、仅售一套，对于考生而言，实用而且节省时间。而且张老师连续14年命中作文主题，懂考研，更懂作文。如果你基础一般，那还是比较建议你去报个班，试听一下专业老师对作文的分析，可能听完分析，作文的框架就会慢慢搭建起来了，省的你花时间，自己拆分往年真题作文，寻找经典句型。最后给你安利一下张国静老师的巨微4轮全程班，从单词、语法到阅读、作文，从基本知识到考研范畴，从基础能力到解题规律，专为基础薄弱考生准备，层层深入，逐一突破考研重难点，帮你轻松搭建自己的作文模板。找对方法，永远比现在去做更为重要！

考研英语单词是大家都需要记的一个环节，小编给大家整理了2020考研历年考研英语真题高频词汇汇总，扩充单词量必备。

随着考研时间的越来越近，同学们正在紧张地复习，有过多年指导考研经验的老师告诉您，目前在充分利用好考研资料的同时，一定要注意加强对历年真题的练习和分析。考研中有“真题是我们考研小伙伴们无尽的财富”之说，说明了真题在考研中的重要性，真题需要引起同学们高度重视。要好好利用这么重要的财富，那么如何才能高效利用历年真题呢？下面我们介绍一下，对历年真题的正确运用。1、用对时间，事半功倍复习考研中很多同学认识到历年真题的重要性，但是在还没有对课程的基本知识进行全面的复习的时候，就过早使用真题，来检验自己的成绩。由于没有对知识点进行全面的掌握，这样造成的后果就是越练习真题感到越难以提高成绩，进而对考研失去信心。所以说同学们在练习历年真题时。一定要用对时间，在对知识点进行全面把握的基础上，再对历年真题进行练习。现在已经进入了冲刺复习阶段，同学们应该尽快的对历年真题加强练习，利用真题来检验自己对基础知识的掌握和整体知识体系的灵活运用能力，把掌握的知识熟练地运用到解题当中。2、反复练习，熟能生巧每年的考试真题，都是经过专家教授反复斟酌、酝酿、讨论最终形成的，具有广泛的代表性，很少出现有模棱两可的状态。每一道题都包含了很多的知识点和内容，有的题目考察的不仅是学生对整个知识体系的掌握，而且对学生的思维方式、解题的思路、知识的综合运用的能力进行全面的考察。往往一道题牵扯到多方面的知识内容，把历年的真题多做几遍，加强分析归纳和概括，你就能找到解题的思路。做历年真题时，一定要注意及时总结。对于存在的问题，做好记录，反复练习，总结出解题的规律。3、预测重点，有的放失通过对历年真题的反复练习中，基本能概括出出题的重点，摸清命题的思路，找到了试卷的重难点和易考点，进而揣测出出题者的思路。这对同学们来讲，是从量到质的转变。在反复练习历年真题的基础上，对于考试中反复提及出现的知识点，要特别重视。根据掌握情况，及时翻阅课文，把历年真题中反复考查的知识，一定要全部掌握，这是你拿高分的关键。对于没有提到的知识，也不是不重要，同学们也不要忽略这些知识的复习，只有把知识掌握得更全面，才能保证在考试中避免出错，取得一个好的成绩。运用好历年真题，可以使同学们在复习中少走很多弯路，提高复习的效率。通过加强历年真题的练习，总结出命题的重点和易考点，使同学们的复习更有的放矢，达到事半功倍的效果。

通过对历年英语一真题地分析，考研英语作文的主题主要有5类，而且一旦考到某一主题，很多主题词都是通用的。精神品质类team spirit：团队精神teamwork：团队合作strengthen mutual cooperation：增强相互合作patience：耐心prudence：谨慎persistence/perseverance：恒心/毅力/坚持give up halfway：半途而废endeavor：努力diligence/painstaking efforts：勤奋self-dependence/self-reliance/independence：自立innovation/creativity/criticalthinking：创新self-confidence：自信lack of confidence：缺乏自信modesty：谦虚striving spirit：奋斗精神the spirit of competition：拼搏精神aggressive：有进取心的strong-willed：意志坚强的tireless：孜孜不倦的persevering：不屈不挠的consistent：始终如一的adversity and hardship：逆境和苦难a sense of achievement：成就感sense of honor：荣誉感entertain great ambitions：胸怀抱负reap without sowing：不劳而获haste makes waste：欲速则不达utilitarian：功利的，急功近利的actions：行动(take actions：付诸行动)down-to-earth：务实的thrift：勤俭honesty：诚信curiosity：充满好奇道德类public morality：公德devotion/dedication：奉献charity：慈善sense of responsibility：责任感undertake one's ties/responsibility：承担责任avoid one's ties/responsibility：逃避责任traditional virtues：传统美德practice filial piety：奉行孝道selfless devotion：无私奉献Patriotism：爱国主义comply with public morality：遵守公德follow the morals：按道德行事improve public morals：改进社会风气safeguard public morals：维护公共道德injure public morality：损害公共道德be public-spirited：有公德心的the corruption of public morality：公德堕落the lack of moral sense：道德缺失the crisis of trust：信任危机spit everywhere：随地吐痰make noise/talk loudly：大声喧哗littering：乱丢垃圾empty promise：空洞承诺false promise：虚假承诺compete for benefits：争抢利益unfair competitions：不公平竞争consumers' rights and interests：消费者权益disregard the public rules：无视公共规章benevolence：善心仁慈with heart and soul：全心全意amicable：友好的charitable：宽厚的credibility：信誉，美誉fake commodities：伪劣产品dishonest behaviors：欺诈行为unaffordable prices of medicines：药价虚高academic corruption：学术腐败plagiarism：剽窃抄袭excessive growth：过度上涨illegal ads：非法广告food safety：食品安全misdeed/misconct：不良行为spirit of contact：契约精神volunteering service：志愿服务volunteer spirit：志愿者精神家庭类或两代关系类mutual understanding：相互理解aging society：老龄化社会population aging：人口老龄化generation gap：代沟widen/expand generation gap：扩大代沟narrow/bridge generation gap：消除代沟domestic/family violence：家庭暴力foster/raise/breed/nurture/bring up：抚养household chores：繁杂家务spoil children/dote on children：溺爱孩子over-inlgence：纵容溺爱only child：独生子女the universal two-child policy：全面二孩政策a well-off family：小康之家filial piety：孝道practice filial piety/fulfill filialty：奉行孝道show solicitude for parents：关心父母mistreat/ill-treat/maltreat parents：虐待父母cousin：堂兄妹，表兄妹offspring：后代，后辈ancestor：祖先环境保护类environment-friendly：生态环保的conserve natural habitats：保护生存环境animal rights activist：动物权益保护者natural reserve：自然保护区natural resources：自然资源biodiversity：生物多样性extinction：灭绝wind breaks：防风林sand breaks：防沙林climate change：气候变化greenhouse effect：温室效应threat of global warming：全球变暖的威胁develop renewable resources：开发可再生资源low-carbon economy：低碳经济low-carbon lifestyle：低碳生活方式environmental awareness：环境意识deforestation：森林消失biodegradable：可生物降解的environment-friendly procts：环保产品household garbage：生活垃圾waste sorting/garbage classification：垃圾分类motor vehicle pollution：汽车尾气污染public transport：公共交通green commuting：绿色出行water and soil erosion：水土流失soot emissions：烟尘排放sea water desalinization：海水淡化create pleasant living environment：创造怡人的生活环境air pollution：空气污染degradation/deterioration of airquality：空气质量恶化discharge/emit poisonous/toxic gas：排放有毒气体acid rain：酸雨drought：干旱sandstorm：沙尘暴toxic waste：有毒废物instrial waste：工业废物sewage treatment：污水处理文化交流类culture and civilization：文化和文明The cultural blending/integration/fusion：文化融合cultural exchanges/interaction/interchange：文化交流cultural diversity：文化多元化multiculturalism：多元文化cultural identity：文化特性cultural heritage/legacy：文化遗产cultural relics：文物cultural facilities：文化设施cultural devolution：文化退化cultural insights：文化视角alien/foreign culture：外国文化Chinese cultural symbols：中国文化的符号advocate/carry forward traditionalculture：弘扬传统文化undermine traditions：破坏传统great and profound：博大精深的local customs and practices：风土人情cross-cultural communication：跨文化交流spiritual civilization：精神文明break with old customs：抛弃传统hand down from generation togeneration：代代相传minority：少数民族national pride：民族自豪original：原始原创的charming：极具魅力的splendid：壮丽辉煌的talk show：谈话节目crash：碰撞collection：收藏品folk art：民间艺术Chinese craze：中国热健康类physical health/fitness：生理健康mental/psychological health/fitness：心理健康health concern：健康问题state of health：健康状况sub-health：亚健康public health：公共卫生state of mind：心态physical exercises：体育锻炼well-balanced diet：均衡饮食sacrifice health：牺牲健康junk food：垃圾食品food additives：食品添加剂go on a diet：节食，减肥infectious disease/illness：传染病non-acclimatization：水土不服relapse：复发症stupor：昏迷short-sightedness：近视malnutrition：营养不良chill：打冷战经济类economic globalization：经济全球化recession/bleeding economy：经济不景气economic/financial crisis：经济/金融危机economic recovery：经济复苏economic prosperity：经济繁荣job market：就业市场look for/hunt for/seek a job：找工作job seeker：求职者a tough job market：严峻的就业形势unrealistic salary expectations：不切实际的薪资期望pursue a high-paid job：追求高薪工作lose one's job/be unemployed：失业job losses mount, unemployment climbs：失业加剧unemployment：失业人数career guidance：就业指导decline/recession/depression：萎缩/衰退/萧条bubble economy：泡沫经济demand exceed supply：供不应求turn loss into gains：转亏为盈stabilize prices：稳定物价unfair competition：不正当竞争fierce/intense/furious/cut-throatcompetition：激烈竞争fake and inferior proct：假冒伪劣产品after-sale service：售后服务brand effect：品牌效应lift/elevate people's standard ofliving：提高人们的生活水平lower citizens' standard of living：降低居民生活水平eliminate poverty：消除贫困spur/stimulate consumption：刺激消费教育类compulsory ecation：义务教育life-long ecation：终身教育exam/test-oriented ecation：应试教育quality ecation：素质教育well-rounded development of a child：全面发展balanced development of a child：均衡发展cultural quality：文化素质impart knowledge and ecate people：教书育人intellectual property：知识产权law ecation：法制教育teach students according to theiraptitude：因材施教academic/theoretical knowledge：理论知识practical skills：实用技能integrate theory with practice：理论联系实际disconnect theory from practice：理论脱离实际shape/mould one's character：塑造性格extra-curricular activities：课外活动the spirit of exploration：探索精神cultivate (nurture, foster)creative/original thinking：培养创新思维stifle/constrain/extinguishcreativity：扼杀创造力sap/dampen student's interest in sth.：挫伤学生对某事的兴趣eliminate illiteracy：扫盲miss a class：缺课cut a class：旷课drop out：辍学quit school：退学assistantship：助学金scholarship：奖学金university graates：大学毕业生pursue post-graate study/take partin the entrance exams for postgraates：考研study abroad/go abroad for furtherecation：出国留学excessive/une academic pressure：过大的学习压力the burden of study/learning：学习负担ease/relieve academic pressure：缓解学习压力intensify academic pressure：增强学习压力academic atmosphere：学习气氛

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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