40004-98986
毒玫瑰1998年考研英语阅读第三篇—本文是批评滥贴“反科学”标签的文章
原文+翻译：Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. 科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观所发表的尖锐批判。The schismbetween science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间如果说有什么的话，那就是分裂更深了。Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer.以前，科学界如此之强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理--但现在不同了。As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.由于科研基金减少，科学家开始在几本著作中抨击"反科学"势力，特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的"远离科学和理性"会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"（伪）信息时代的科学"会议。Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled instrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上，也不会引起多大争议，他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of instrial growth.环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人。Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。"'反科学'一词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西"，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学与反科学》中写道："它们惟一的共同之处就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。"试题：51. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt52. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities53. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.54. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzling答案：C D A A
蟋蟀1998年考研英语阅读第五篇—本文介绍“热点”现象和研究热点的意义
原文+翻译：Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现；相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.大多数热点只缓慢地移动，有时，经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲正在彼此分离。The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动。It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved ring the past 30 million years.人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止不动的，在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.热点的重要性不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用。It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks);当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。试题：51. The author believes that.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart52. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deced from the fact that.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe53. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining. [A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans54. The passage is mainly about.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes答案：BBDC
卡由1998年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译——本文主要介绍宇宙形成的问题
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。71) But even moreimportant, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for whatthey were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。That was just about the moment that the universe was born.那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号（宇宙背景探测器）已经发现了划时代的证据，表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为"大爆炸"（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量的爆炸）。72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.按照这一理论，宇宙形成于一团亚微观的、密度相当大的纯能量团，它在向四面八方发散的过程中放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体在引力的压缩下形成星系、恒星、植物，甚至最终产生人类。Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.设计Cobe卫星就是要观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更小的热点，即，像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。They shouldn’t have long to wait.看来他们不必等待很长时间。73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors atthe South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may reporttheir findings soon.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 膨胀说认为，很久以前，在一种反引力的驱动下，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内膨胀了无数倍。75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
回东之齐1998年考研英语完形填空—本文介绍工业革命对英国人民生活的影响
原题：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Instrial Revolution. They 1 that in the long run instrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results ring the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population.5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, whenwas still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 ， is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that instrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］ admitted ［B］ believed ［C］ claimed ［D］ predicted2. ［A］ plain ［B］ average ［C］ mean ［D］ normal3. ［A］ momentary ［B］ prompt ［C］ instant ［D］ immediate4. ［A］ bulk ［B］ host ［C］ gross ［D］ magnitude5. ［A］ On ［B］ With ［C］ For ［D］ By6. ［A］ broadly ［B］ thoroughly ［C］ generally ［D］ completely7. ［A］ however ［B］ meanwhile ［C］ therefore ［D］ moreover8. ［A］ at ［B］ in ［C］ about ［D］ for9. ［A］ manifested ［B］ approved ［C］ shown ［D］ speculated10. ［A］ noted ［B］ impressed ［C］ labeled［D］ marked全文翻译直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。相比之下，他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。然而，人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情：一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征；二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。答案：ABDAD DABCD
森石1998年考研英语阅读第四篇—本文介绍美国人口普查反映的人口特点
原文+翻译：Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead-- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.这一发展--以及它对今后美国政治和经济的强大影响--使南部地区在美国人口普查史上首次成为人口最密集的地区。Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2 320万--从数字上看，这是有历史记载以来10年期间内人口增长的第三高。Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4%，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录中最低的增长率。Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.第二次世界大战以来，美国人口大量向南部和西部地区迁移，而且这种趋势如今仍然盛行。Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光地带的州，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1 000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位，圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区则被挤出了前10位。Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.不断涌入的移民，还有往昔"生育高峰"时期出生的一代也已到了生育年龄，生育了大批婴儿，这些都发挥着作用。Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—而且，人口学家发现，向南部和西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象：显然，越来越多的美国人不再只是寻找提供更多工作机会的地方，而是人口密度较小的地方。例证如下：■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.·从区域上看，洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率--37.1%,而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.·从各州情况看，内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州：其增长率分别为63.5%和53.1%。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州，共有750万人--每平方英里约9个人。The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.从人口过度稠密地区的逃离，影响了以前那种从寒冷地带到气候宜人地区的迁徙趋势。Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.1980年美国人口统计更能显示出，美国人迁往最西部（而不是其他地方）是为了寻找更广阔的生活空间。There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.最西部的加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万，比其他任何州都多。In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.同时，70年代也有大量的人从加利福尼亚迁出，大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是躲开"黄金州"（加利福尼亚）的烟雾、犯罪和城市化带来的其他问题。As a result, California’s growth rate dropped ring the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5%--略高于60年代增长率的2/3，但大大低于西部其他各州。试题：51. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II52. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”53. We can see from the available statistics that.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population54. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life答案：DCDC
母子泪1998年考研英语阅读第一篇—本文是一篇批评盲目建造水坝的文章
原文+翻译：Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。But big dams tend not to work as intended.但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists.不过，控制水的神话还在继续。This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益，而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.水力发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。试题：51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”答案：C D D C
落水记1998年考研英语写作题型分析和范文—本题为漫画加提纲式作文
原题：Directions:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments.注：图片上的文字是： 本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清审题谋篇本题为漫画加提纲式作文。文章的主题应该落在讽刺虚假承诺上，即：承诺自己分内之事这一不良现象。考生在审题时，从漫画和旁边的打油诗可以看出该文章的关键词为虚假承诺（false promise或empty promise）。提纲有两点要求：写出漫画所要表达的信息；进行评论。由此可见，这是一篇描写加议论的文章。文章第一段可以从描写漫画入手。漫画题材的写作，应着重抓住漫画本身所传达的信息，即漫画的寓意，对漫画本身不用拘泥于细节。考生可以在段尾点明该漫画所要表达的信息：虚假承诺。由于提纲的第二点要求比较泛，因此，考生可以根据各自的思路展开。第二段可以针对主题进一步讨论，既可以列举社会上众多的虚假承诺的不良现象，也可以着重讨论虚假承诺的危害，亦或追寻虚假承诺的根源。在第三段中考生可提出自己的观点，即，解决该问题的方法。参考范文Whoever sees this cartoon can’t help laughing. How funny it is-A hen is holding a notice promising that her eggs would be round and surely would contain everything a normal egg contains. But at second thought, it is anything but funny because the picture reveals a prevalent phenomenon in our society: Many of these promises are meaningless since the promise provided is nothing but the normal responsibility of the promise maker.Odd and funny as they sound，such false promises are so prevalent that we cannot afford to ignore them. Manufacturing units guarantee to turn out procts of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and enthusiastic services; administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribery. As a matter of fact，these cannot be called promises at all since they are no more than their normal ties and obligations. It seems that we should be grateful to them because they just do what they are supposed to do.I dare say these empty promises are causing great damage to our society both materially and morally. But the hen and her likes should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition under market economy system. People engaged in providing all kinds of services should honestly inform their customers of the service that they can enjoy because mutual trust is the foundation of business. They should remember the old saying，"Honesty is the best policy."On the other hand, necessary laws and regulations should be adopted and enforced to ensure a trust worthy economic and social environment. Only in this way, can both parties, service providers and those served, enjoy a healthy atmosphere of mutual trust.范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分再总的写作方法，段首先用Whoever sees this cartoon cant help laughing一句话对图画做出总体评价，进而描写图画，在段末指出：这幅画实际并不可笑，而是讽刺了社会上非常普遍的虚假承诺现象。这句话也是文章的中心所在。第二段段首承接上段，指出这种现象不容忽视，进而使用列举的方法举了三个例子，说明其普遍性并与第一段呼应，指出这些现象都是在承诺本职所在的工作。第三段段首为主体句，段落中从两个方面提出改变这种现象的措施，段尾进行总结，与段首形成呼应。
数术明星们也考研，好多明星都是研究生学历，硕士学位呢！
明星们也考研，好多明星都是研究生学历，硕士学位呢！娱乐圈里也是卧虎藏龙的，好些明星除了有颜值有影响力之外，还有不低的学历呢。快来了解一下吧！黄磊，毕业院校：北京电影学院，学历：硕士1994年，考入北京电影学院表演系研究所，专攻电影表演创作及教学并担任助教。1997年北京电影学院硕士毕业后推掉所有演艺活动留校任教。所带第一个班是北京电影学院表演系97班，班上学生有海清、黄海波。赵薇，毕业院校：北京电影学院，学历：硕士赵薇1998年因出演电视剧《还珠格格》中小燕子一角一飞冲天，成为当红的偶像艺人，在大陆一下窜红到一线女星地位，在台湾和香港也人气颇旺。她也是在现代中国的影视行业，第一个拥有国际声誉的超级明星。2007年，赵薇以优异地成绩考入了北京电影学院导演系的艺术硕士MFA。2013年4月，赵薇执导的首部作品《致我们终将逝去的青春》斩获7亿票房。蔡康永，毕业院校：美国加州大学，学历：硕士被誉为“学者”头衔蔡康永在台湾有着不小的影响力。1986年凭着父亲的朋友胡金铨导演的推荐信到美国加州大学洛杉矶分校念电影电视研究所。1990年获得UCLA电影电视研究所编导制作硕士学位后，返回台湾。蔡康永和陶晶莹、徐熙娣、利菁合称为台湾综艺界“三后一王”，被誉为老的“三王一后”接班人。张庭，毕业院校：上海师范大学，学历：硕士张庭17岁念育达商职时拍广告出道，毕业后即进入演艺圈。多年前，她学画画学出兴趣，有一次老公林瑞阳看到她的画嚷着：“天才，简直是天才!”并积极帮她找老师。张庭后来在先修班念了1年，3年前考上上海师大研究所。2011年7月，张庭上海师范大学硕士毕业，40岁获得硕士学位。王力宏，毕业院校：美国伯克利音乐学院，学历：双学位硕士外表帅气阳光的王力宏，一直是粉丝们疯狂追逐的焦点。搞音乐的他专业课过硬，在美国伯克利音乐学院取得了双学位，精通多种乐器的使用。这位音乐才子不断地在为听众带来越来越多的精彩作品，他的歌声也影响了诸多人。王力宏曾举办过数十场演唱会，且上座率不俗，在各大颁奖典礼上他也斩获过数项大奖。董卿，毕业院校：上海戏剧学院，学历：硕士贵为备受瞩目的“央视一姐”，董卿的成功令人艳羡。除去美貌和气质，董卿成功更多在于内在的修养和过硬的专业实力。毕业于上海戏剧学院电视艺术系节目电视编导专业，后又获得上海戏剧学院MFA艺术硕士。杨澜，毕业院校：哥伦比亚大学，学历：硕士杨澜是一位优质女性的典范，她美丽、智慧、优雅、知性，开创了成功的事业。杨被称为“中国的华莱士”。1994年，她放弃主持红极一时的《正大综艺》，赴哥伦比亚大学国际和公共事务学院主修国际传媒。1996年5月，杨澜以全优的成绩获得哥伦比亚大学国际事务学硕士学位。冯巩，毕业院校：华中师范大学，学历：硕士1998年，著名相声演员冯巩拜在武汉华中师范大学着名文学评论家王先霈教授门下，专修戏剧文学。2001年7月，冯巩通过硕士论文答辩，成为相声界的第一位硕士。想了解更多的高校信息，快关注我哦！
阿达西李强从大专到本科到研究生再到技校的高考故事，永远不向现实低头
说出你的高考故事，全国的中学生都想聆听。我叫李强，山东博兴人，1998高考发挥失常考上滨州师专，2000年自学专升本，2005年考上青岛大学研究生，2013年进入莱芜技工学校，成为一名电焊工学员。我跟大多数农村出生的孩子一样，一直想靠自己的努力改善自己和父母的生活，奋斗的第一步自然是努力读书了。学习我一直很刻苦，或许是太渴望成功了，结果成功并没有如期而至，1998年我只上了大专线，滨州师专，中文专业。我无法接受这个结果，但家庭经济情况不允许我复读，还有一点我们那个时候大专是可以接受的一个不错的结果。2000年大专毕业，我的目标很明确——专升本。但我不想花父母的钱去读书，我决定一边工作一边自学。我找了一份代课老师的工作，在学校教地理、语文。虽然每个月只有三四百的收入，但我有大量的时间可以学习，这才是我看重的。正因为有明确的目标，所以一点都没感觉到苦。学校还提供免费食宿，除了给父母寄钱，剩下的钱还可以买书。功夫不负有心人，我自学考上了本科。上了本科之后我又定了一个新的目标——考研。2003年我第一次考研，没能成功，但我并没有放弃梦想。我知道现实是残酷的，人首先得生存才能求发展。我得多赚点钱，才有可能继续在求学的道路上狂奔。我去了一家广告公司做方案策划，每个月有1200多的收入。白天工作晚上看书，这样的日子持续了一年半。当我读到刘勰的《文心雕龙》，其中有一句话深深影响并改变了我：登山则情满于山，观海则意溢于海，这句话的意思是，登山后情感就会像山一样饱满,看海后意志就会像海水一样多。由此我想到：观察学习事物必须全身心地投入，充满热爱，才能有感而发。既然决定考研了，必须要有破釜沉舟的决心。于是我辞掉了广告公司的工作，全身心投入到考研当中，除了成功我别无选择。或许上苍也被我的诚心打动，2005年，我以优异的成绩考上了青岛大学的研究生，研究当代文学，有幸成为文学硕士导师徐鹏绪教授的学生。徐老师带我一起参与国家社会科学基金项目《中国现代文学文献学研究》，成功出版了同名专著，那段时间成才得非快。徐老师很喜欢我，他希望我可以考本校的博士，然后努力留在学校。可摆在我面前的现实是，我结婚了，还有一个宝宝，上有老，下有小，我必须养家糊口。我得赚钱，当初考研的目的也是为了可以拥有更好的生活，物质基础决定上层建筑。每个人都得面对自己当下的生活，理想无法脱离真实的生活。研究生毕业后我放弃考博士，应聘连云港一家报社，我成功了。进入报社后，被分配到跑党政新闻，虽然我很快适应了工作，也胜任了这份工作，可写稿子让我感到虚无缥缈。再加上夫妻两地分居，最终我放弃了记者工作，回到青岛家人身边。2008年经济危机，找工作变得太难，我的研究生学历反而成为了就业的障碍，很多单位一听说我是研究生，连面试的机会都不给。后来做过文秘，干过行政，每个月三四千的收入，在青岛真的养不了家。一家人住在60平米的出租房里，我告诉自己生活不能这样继续下去。我萌生了学一技之长的念头，焊接工一个月收入过万，我为何不可以去学呢。一个研究生当焊接工，在别人眼里可能是笑话，在我看来只是面子和里子的关系。人只有扔掉面子就业路子才能越走越宽。非常感谢我的导师徐鹏绪教授对我精神上的支持，他听了我的想法之后说：“既然做不了文学研究，转变观念学一技之长乃是最明智的抉择。学历和技能结合的人才，是目前众企业迫切需要的，一个会电焊的文学硕士，谁不想要？徐老师不只是鼓励了我，而且主动帮我联系了莱芜技工学校，学校破格录取了我，免了学费，每年还给我一万多的生活补助，让我可以安心学焊接技术。我想告诉学弟学妹们，永远不要向生活屈服，无论在何种境况下，你都得相信你自己，永远支持自己奋斗下去，走出一条属于自己的人生之路。感谢李强的精彩分享，我们要学会转变观念，寻找适合自己的发展之路。人生难免会走一点弯路，但每段经历都是一笔人生财富，都将在日后给你带来巨大的裨益。祝福李强，相信他的路会越走越宽。说出你的高考故事，给学弟学妹们传递正能量。如果你有高考故事要说，请关注我。权哥邀请你来做《说出你的高考故事》节目嘉宾，让你的故事走进千家万户，让你的声音给他人带去希望！
圣也高等教育数据统计：1997~2019本科数量及本硕博招招生人数变化
1998-2018本科院校数量变化1998年我国本科院校数量为591所，2007年为701所，增加了110所，平均每年增加约12所，增长缓慢。2008年本科院校数量为1079所，比2007年增加了378所，增幅达到了54%，主要原因是增加的378所中有328所为独立学院。90年代末，高校扩招资源紧张，为了缓解局面，政府鼓励公办院校寻找社会资本，创办独立的二级学院。21世纪初，这些独立的二级学院依靠“母校”的牌子，颁发母校的文凭，发展迅速。但是，这种方式慢慢引起了社会质疑，只要肯多花钱进独立的二级学院，就能拿一本的证书，非常不不公平。2003年4月，教育部发文，指导意见要求这些挂名学院要做到七个“独立”，如独立的校园、独立颁发学历证书等等，独立学院的名称也由此而来。2008年2月22日，教育部部长周济签署中华人民共和国教育部令第26号，发布《独立学院设置与管理办法》，第三十八条规定独立学院对学习期满且成绩合格的学生，颁发毕业证书，并以独立学院名称具印。独立学院按照国家有关规定申请取得学士学位授予资格，对符合条件的学生颁发独立学院的学士学位证书。这才规范了独立学院办学，2019年开始，独立学院又将迎来一个新的办学阶段：独立学院转设。2008年到2018年本科院校规模变化缓慢，截止2018年全国有1245所本科院校，10年间增加了116所，每年增加不到12所。2 1997-2019本科生招生人数变化199年我国招生的本科生数量约为58万，1999年本科招生开始扩招，教育部官网统计数据，1998年本科招生76.7万，1999年招生人数为111.8万，扩招35.1万，增幅46%。这一年高校扩招引起社会强烈反响，高校扩招成为1999年最受老百姓欢迎的教育政策之一。1999年到2009年，10年间本科生招生人数增加了214.3万，每年增加21.43万，总增幅达192%。2010年本科招生351万，2019年约430万，增加了79万，每年增加约8.8万，为上一个10年的41%，增幅大大降低。3 1997-2019硕士生招生人数变化1997年我国硕士招生仅为5万，1999年约为7.2万。从2000年开始硕士招生又进入课一个快速增长期，2010年硕士招生约47.4万，10年间增加了37.4万，每年增加3.74万，相比2000年增幅高达363%。2011招生49.5万，2016年招生约59万，增加了9.5万，每年增加不到2万，仅为上一个十年的51%，增速大幅减缓。但是2017年招生高达72.2万，比2016年高出13.2万，主要因为新增大量硕点。教育部最新测算2020年研究生招生将比2018年多18.9万，主要是新增了2000左右的硕士点。我国研究生教育将迎来一个更大的规模，好似当初本科扩招一样。4 2010-2020硕士生招生人数变化2010年至2015年研究生报名人数基本平稳，平均160万左右，但是从2016年开始，考研报名人数连年增加，2020年考研报名人数341万，比2016年增加164万，增幅接近100%。暴增的原因主要是本科就业压力大，待遇不好等，而且大量优秀公司开始只招研究生。为了将来能获得更好的发展和更好的待遇，考研比例连续增加。5 1997-2019博士生招生人数变化1997年我国博士招生为1.3万，2004年为5.3万，增加4万，每年平均增加5700人。2016年招生7.7万，相比2004年增加了2.4万，平均每年增加2000人，增幅减缓。但是从2017年开始招生人数又大幅增加，2018年比2017年增加约1.2万。从以上数据我们能出，本科院校的增加是高等教育发展的结果，增加来源主要有新设本科，有公立，也有民办，也有中外合作办学。比如雄安大学、核工业大学以及深圳北理莫斯科大学等，还有一些专科升本科的院校。院校数量的增加直接就会带来本科生招生人数的增加，除了院校增加的因素之外，还有每个大学新增了很多专业。此外，还有专业招生名额的增加。研究生招生名额的增加的原因也是多方面的，比如新增硕士点，新增导师。此外，导师级别上升招生人数也会增加，一般副教授比讲师招生名额多，教授比副教授招生名额多。博士招生人数虽然也在连年增加，但是毕竟基数少，增幅人数不多。关于高等教育扩招，社会上一直有质疑，比如：本科生都烂大街了，马上也到处是研究生了，越来越不值钱等等。我们仔细研究发现，学校向前发展，专业数量和硕士点必然会增加，那么就会使得招生人数增加。大部分大学讲师必然会成为副教授，也会使得研究生招生人数增加。这些都是必然因素，我觉得应该控制的是每个专业招生人数，有的学校一个专业招好几百，四五个班，都快赶上高三了。还有就是有的导师一届带七八个研究生，加上博士，研一到研三，博一到博三、四，一个导师要带上三四十人，每天指导一个学生，要三个星期才能结束一轮。况且有的导师压根没时间，自己项目上和学校上的事情已经够忙了，学生几乎都是给博士或课题组小导师带。有些学生一学期都见不到导师几次，导师都不知道你叫什么。所以，每个专业的招生人数以及导师招生人数应该得到控制，也有利于提高培养质量。
