不亦迂乎
维恩1864年1月13日出生在东普鲁士(现俄罗斯)的菲施豪森(Fischhausen),他的父亲卡尔·维恩(Carl Wien)是地主。3661641879年在拉斯滕堡(Rastenburg)、1880年至1882年在海德堡读中学。中学毕业后,1882年在哥廷根大学学习数学,同年转去柏林大学。1883年至1885年在赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹的实验室工作,1886年获得博士学位,论文题目是光对金属的衍射,以及不同材料对折射光颜色的影响。此后,由于维恩的父亲生病,维恩不得不回去帮助管理他父亲的土地。期间他有一个学期跟随亥姆霍兹,1887年完成了金属对光和热辐射的导磁性实验。 一直到1890年,父亲的土地变卖后,维恩回到亥姆霍兹的身边,作为他的助手在国家物理工程研究所工作,为工业课题做研究。1892年在柏林大学获得大学任教资格。1896年前往亚琛工业大学物理学教授,以接替菲利普·莱纳德,1899年在吉森大学任物理学教授,1900年赴维尔茨堡大学接替伦琴,同年出版了教科书《流体力学》(Hydrodynamik)。1902年,他曾被邀请接替玻耳兹曼出任莱比锡大学的物理学教授,1906年又被邀请接替保罗·德鲁德(Paul Drude)出任柏林大学的物理学教授,但他拒绝了这两个邀请。1920年底前往慕尼黑,再次接替伦琴,直到1928年逝世。 1898年与路易丝·梅勒(Luise Mehler)结婚,有4个孩子。威廉·维恩的表弟马克斯·维恩(Max Wien)是高频电子技术的先驱。 诺贝尔奖官方网站关于威廉·维恩生平介绍: Wilhelm Wien The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 Biography Wilhelm Wien was born on January 13, 1864 at Fischhausen, in East Prussia. He was the son of the landowner Carl Wien, and seemed destined for the life of a gentleman farmer, but an economic crisis and his own secret sense of vocation led him to University studies. When in 1866 his parents moved to Drachstein, in the Rastenburg district of East Prussia, Wien went to school in 1879 first at Rastenburg and later, from 1880 till 1882, at the City School at Heidelberg. After leaving school he went, in 1882, to the University of Göttingen to study mathematics and the natural sciences and in the same year also to the University of Berlin. From 1883 until 1885 he worked in the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1886 he took his doctorate with a thesis on his experiments on the diffraction of light on sections of metals and on the influence of materials on the colour of refracted light. His studies were then interrupted by the illness of his father and, until 1890, he helped in the management of his father's land. He was, however, able to spend, ring this period, one semester with Helmholtz and in 1887 he did experiments on the permeability of metals to light and heat rays. When his father's land was sold he returned to the laboratory of Helmholtz, who had been moved to, and had become President of, the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, established for the study of instrial problems. Here he remained until 1896 when he was appointed Professor of Physics at Aix-la-Chapelle in succession to Philipp Lenard. In 1899, he was appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Giessen. In 1900 he became Professor of the same subject at Würzburg, in succession to W.C. Röntgen, and in this year he published his Lehrbuch der Hydrodynamik (Textbook of hydrodynamics). In 1902 he was invited to succeed Ludwig Boltzmann as Professor of Physics at the University of Leipzig and in 1906 to succeed Drude as Professor of Physics at the University of Berlin; but he refused both these invitations. In 1920 he was appointed Professor of Physics at Munich, where he remained throughout the rest of his life. In addition to the early work already mentioned, Wien worked, at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, with Holborn on methods of measuring high temperatures with the Le Chatelier thermoelements and at the same time did theoretical work on thermodynamics, especially on the laws governing the radiation of heat. In 1893 he announced the law which states that the wavelength changes with the temperature, a law which later became the law of displacement. In 1894 he published a paper on temperature and the entropy of radiation, in which the terms temperature and entropy were extended to radiation in empty space. In this work he was led to define an ideal body, which he called the black body, which completely absorbs all radiations. In 1896 he published the formula of Wien, which was the result of work undertaken to find a formula for the composition of the radiation of such a black body. Later it was proved that this formula is valid only for the short waves, but Wien's work enabled Max Planck to resolve the problem of radiation in thermal equilibrium by means of quantum physics. For this work Wien was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1911. An interesting point about it is that this theoretical work came from an Institute devoted to technical problems and it led to new techniques for illumination and the measurement of high temperatures. When Wien moved, in 1896, to Aix-la-Chapelle to succeed Lenard, he found there a laboratory equipped for the study of electrical discharges in vacuo and in 1897 he began to work on the nature of cathode rays. Using a very high vacuum tube with a Lenard window, he confirmed the discovery that dean Perrin had made two years earlier, that cathode rays are composed of rapidly-moving, negatively-charged particles (electrons). And then, almost at the same time as Sir J.J. Thomson in Cambridge, but by a different method, he measured the relation of the electric charge on these particles to their mass and found, as Thomson did, that they are about two thousand times lighter than the atoms of hydrogen. In 1898 Wien studied the canal rays discovered by Goldstein and concluded that they were the positive equivalent of the negatively-charged cathode rays. He measured their deviation by magnetic and electric fields and concluded that they are composed of positively-charged particles never heavier than electrons. The method used by Wien resulted some 20 years later in the spectrography of masses, which has made possible the precise measurement of the masses of various atoms and their isotopes, necessary for the calculation of the energies released by nuclear reactions. In 1900 Wien published a theoretical paper on the possibility of an electromagnetic basis for mechanics. Subsequently he did further work on the canal rays, showing, in 1912, that, if the pressure is not extremely weak, these rays lose and regain, by collision with atoms of resial gas, their electric charge along their course of travel. In 1918 he published further work on these rays on the measurement of the progressive decrease of their luminosity after they leave the cathode and from these experiments he deced what classical physics calls the decay of the luminous vibrations in the atoms, which corresponds in quantum physics to the limited ration of excited states of atoms. In this, and other, respects Wien's work contributed to the transition from Newtonian to quantum physics. As Max von Laue wrote of him, his "immortal glory" was that "he led us to the very gates of quantum physics". Wien was a member of the Academies of Sciences of Berlin, Göttingen, Vienna, Stockholm, Christiania and Washington, and an Honorary member of the Physical Society of Frankfurt-on-Main. In 1898 he married Luise Mehler of Aix-la-Chapelle. They had four children. He died in Munich on August 30, 1928. From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.威廉·维恩复(Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien ,1864年1月13日—1928年8月30日)制,德国物理学家,研究领域为热辐射与电磁学等。1893年,维恩经由热力学、光谱学、电磁学和光学等理论支援,发现了维恩位移定律,并应用于黑体等学术理论,揭开量子力学新领域。1911年,他因对于热辐射等物理法则贡献,而获得诺贝尔物理学奖。火星上有一个陨石坑以他的名字命名。出生 1864年1月13日 俄罗斯普里莫尔斯克 逝世 1928年8月30日 德国慕尼黑 研究领域 物理学家 著名 黑体辐射 国籍 德国 居住地 德国 研究机构 吉森大学维尔茨堡大学慕尼黑大学 母校 格奥尔格-奥古斯特格丁根大学柏林大学 导师 赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹 获奖 诺贝尔物理学奖(1911年)