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一、非谓语动词具有双重性: 1. 具有本身的动词特征: * 及物动词可以由有自己的宾语; * 可以由状语来修饰; * 有时态和语态的变化 2. 在句子中起相当于名词、形容词或副词的语法作用 二、非谓语动词的词类属性及其语法功能 1. 不定式 1)名词性,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语及说明主语属性的表语。 * 主语:To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。 注意:作主语可以用形式宾语表示——It is a great pleasure to talk with him * 表语:Her job is take care of the chilgren and wash clothes. 她的工作是照看小孩和洗衣服。 * 宾语:She decided to try again. 他决定再试一次。 注意:做宾语是学习不定式的重点,应该掌握可以带有不定式宾语的一些特定动词,如意念动词 want, wish, decide, help, pledge 必须跟不定式,begin, start, like 和 forget,remember, regret, need 等动词跟不定式宾语的特殊含义。 2)形容词性,在句子中可以用作定语和形容词补足语(也有人称作原因状语)。 * 定语: He is always the first one to get up. 他总是第一个起床的人。 I have a few wirds to say. 我有几句话要说。 * 用在 be + 情感形容词后,如: She is ready to help us. 他愿意帮助我们。 They are anxious to learn to do something important. 他们渴望做一些重要事情。 3)副词性,在句子中可以用作目的和结果状语。 * 目的状语: You must come to see me on Sunday. Early in 2000 he went abroad to studay. 注意: 要掌握 in order to 和 so as to 用法。 * 结果状语: A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had already changed. 注意:要掌握 so...as to, too...to 和 ...enough to 的用法。 2. 动名词:具有名词性,可以用作主语、宾语和表语 * 主语: Talking is easy. 仅凭嘴说是容易的。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 吃后悔药是没用的。 注意:如果表语是名词 no use, no good, no help 或形容词 useful, useless, helpful 等,一定要用动名词短语作主语(不能用不定式) * 宾语: 直接宾语:Please stop talking. 注意:必须熟记必须跟动名词作宾语的特定动词,如 mind,imagine, finsh,consider, suggest,can't help 等,以及在某些动词后动名词和不定式作宾语的区别(见不定式)。 短语动词(动词+小品副词)后必须用动名词作宾语,如:give up 放弃, put off推迟,dally over 延误等。 介词后必须用动名词作宾语。 * 表语: Her favourite occupation is reading. 他最喜欢的是读书。 注意:与进行时态的区别,进行时态主语由有行为能力的名词充当,动名词则是由无行为能力的名词充当。 3. 分词:具有形容词性和副词性 1)形容词性:用作定语、表语和宾语补足语 * 定语 前置定语: the working people 劳动人民。(people 是 working 的行为者) worn clothes 破旧衣服 (clothes 是被穿破的) 后置定语:相当于定语从句 The man carrying a big flag was a model worker. ( = The man who carried a big flag was a model worker.) That is a book written by a worker. (= That is a book that was written by a worker.) * 表语 现在分词作表语说明主语的特征:The story is interesting (故事的特征是有趣的) 过去分词作表语说明主语所呈现的状态:He is interested in the story. (他对故事呈现出感兴趣的状态) * 宾语补足语: 现在分词说明宾语当时执行的行为:I saw him coming.(他正过来) 过去分词说明宾语是分词涉及的对象:I must have my hair cut. (头发被别人剪掉) 2)副词性:用作状语 * 时间状语:相当于时间状语从句 Entering the dining room, he saw his mother in white clean overall. (= When he entered the diningroom, ) * 原因状语:相当于原因状语从句 Knowing that it was going to rain, he decided not to go out. (= Since he knew that it was going to rain) * 方式或伴随状语:相当于一个并列分句 Laughing and talking, the students went out to the fields. (= the students laughed and talked and ...) She stood there, waiting for the bus. (= She stood there and she waited for the bus) 注意:现在分词或过去分词的区别;分词作状语(时间、原因、方式和伴随)与不定式作状语(目的、结果)的区别二、非谓语动词的时态: 这种时态是与谓语动词行为发生时间进行比较相对而言的时态,不是真实时间真正意义上的时态。 1. 一般形式 :同步发生或一前一后紧接发生 * 不定式 to do I saw him go out. (saw 和 to go 几乎同时发生) Would help me to put things in order before we leave. (help 和put in order “整理好”同时发生) * 动名词和现在分词 doing He insisted on joining our team. (insisted 和 joining 前后发生) Working there, we learned a lot from them. (Working 与 learned 同时发生) 2. 进行形式. 非谓语动的行为发生在谓语动词行为的中间 * 不定式:to be doing * 动名词和现在分词已经有了进行意思,不存在这一形式。 3. 完成形式. 非谓语动时发生在谓语动词行为之前 * 不定式:to have done I am sorry to have kept you waiting. (have kept 发生在 am sorry 之前) * 动名词和现在分词: having done I don't remember having seen you five years ago. (seen 发生在 remember 的五年以前 ) Having finished his work, he went to help others. (finished 发生在 went 之前)三、非谓语动词的语态: 该语态决定于其逻辑主语与非谓语动的关系。 * 主谓关系用主动语态 I regret being unable to write you earlier. (句子主语 I 是逻辑主语,是 be unable to write 的行为者) 其他例子见上面的例句。 * 动宾关系用被动语态 There is nothing left to be said. (nothing 是 to be said 逻辑主语,是被说出来的对象) Jane like being read to when she is ill. (珍妮喜欢别人念给她听,Jane 是 being read 的逻辑主语) Being asked to stay, I promised not to leave.(I 是 being asked的逻辑主语 ) 四、非谓语动词的复合结构 当句子里不存在非谓语动词的逻辑主语,就需要用它们的复合结构表示逻辑主语。 1. 不定式的复合结构:for sb. to do sth. It is important for us to learn science. 2. 动名词的复合结构:one's doing sth.,用作宾语代词也可以用宾格 + doing sth. He insisted his friend's going with him. He insisted his my/me going with him. 3. 分词的复合结构称作独立主格结构: * 现在分词名词:普通格 + doing sth. Weather permitting, I will go. The question being settled, we wound up the meeting * 过去分词:普通格 + done Homework done, he sat up for a rest.