2017年考研《教育学》专业习题及答案(16)

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【导语】考研英语完形填空部分十分考验学生的词汇量积累和语法运用，是考生最容易失分的题型之一，因而需要日常知识积累和大量的练习相结合，才有达到有效的复习效果。以下是无忧考网为大家整理的《2018年考研英

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相关推荐：>>>2017年考研现场确认时间及地点汇总>>>全国各地2017年考研报考点汇总>>>2017年考研时间、研究生考试时间安排&g

相关推荐：>>>2017年考研现场确认时间及地点汇总>>>全国各地2017年考研报考点汇总>>>2017年考研时间、研究生考试时间安排>&g

相关推荐：>>>2017年考研现场确认时间及地点汇总>>>全国各地2017年考研报考点汇总>>>2017年考研时间、研究生考试时间安排>>>2017年考研大纲下载及解析汇总>>>2017年全国硕士研究生招生简章专题新东方网校推荐：2017年考研政治、英语、数学课程！！点击进入免费试听>>F)Inhis“SpecialTheoryofRelativity,”Einsteindescribedhowtheonlyconstantintheuniverseisthespeedoflight..G)ItissaidthatEinstein’ssuccessliesinthefactthatfewpeoplecanunderstandhistheories.Passage7Twentyyearsagoadebateeruptedaboutwhethertherewerespecific“Asianvalues”.Mostattentionfocusedonbiousclaimsbyautocratsthatdemocracywasnotamongthem.Butamoreintriguing,iflessnoticed,argumentwasthattraditionalfamilyvalueswerestrongerinAsiathaninAmericaandEurope,andthatthispartlyaccountedforAsia’seconomicsuccess.(1)_________Onthefaceofithisclaimappearspersuasivestill.InmostofAsia,marriageiswidespreadandillegitimacyalmostunknown.Incontrast,halfofmarriagesinsomeWesterncountriesendindivorce,andhalfofallchildrenarebornoutsidewedlock.TherecentriotsacrossBritain,whoseoriginsmanybelievelieinanabsenceofeitherparentalguidanceorfilialrespect,seemtounderlineaprofounddifferencebetweenEastandWest.YetmarriageischangingfastinEast,South-EastandSouthAsia,eventhougheachregionhasdifferenttraditions.ThechangesaredifferentfromthosethattookplaceintheWestinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.Divorce,thoughrisinginsomecountries,remainscomparativelyrare.What’shappeninginAsiaisaflightfrommarriage.Marriageratesarefallingpartlybecausepeoplearepostponinggettinghitched.Marriageageshaverisenallovertheworld,buttheincreaseisparticularlymarkedinAsia.(2)_________AlotofAsiansarenotmarryinglater.Theyarenotmarryingatall.AlmostathirdofJapanesewomenintheirearly30sareunmarried;probablyhalfofthosewillalwaysbe.(3)____________Sofar,thetrendhasnotaffectedAsia’stwogiants,ChinaandIndia.Womenareretreatingfrommarriageastheygointotheworkplace.That’spartlybecause,forawoman,beingbothemployedandmarriedistoughinAsia.Womentherearetheprimarycaregiversforhusbands,childrenand,often,forageingparents;andevenwheninfull-timeemployment,theyareexpectedtocontinuetoplaythisrole.Thisistrueelsewhereintheworld,buttheburdenthatAsianwomencarryisparticularlyheavy.(4)_______________Notsurprisingly,Asianwomenhaveanunusuallypessimisticviewofmarriage.Accordingtoasurveycarriedoutthisyear,manyfewerJapanesewomenfeltpositiveabouttheirmarriagethandidJapanesemen,orAmericanwomenormen.Atthesametimeasemploymentmakesmarriagetougherforwomen,itoffersthemanalternative.Morewomenarefinanciallyindependent,somoreofthemcanpursueasinglelifethatmayappealmorethanthedrudgeryofatraditionalmarriage.Moreecationhasalsocontributedtothedeclineofmarriage,becauseAsianwomenwiththemostecationhavealwaysbeenthemostreluctanttowed—andtherearenowmanymorehighlyecatedwomen.TheflightfrommarriageinAsiaisthustheresultofthegreaterfreedomthatwomenenjoythesedays,whichistobecelebrated.Butitisalsocreatingsocialproblems.ComparedwiththeWest,Asiancountrieshaveinvestedlessinpensionsandotherformsofsocialprotection,ontheassumptionthatthefamilywilllookafterageingorillrelatives.Thatcannolongerbetakenforgranted.Thedeclineofmarriageisalsocontributingtothecollapseinthebirthrate.(5)________________Andthereareother,lessobviousissues.Marriagesocialisesmen:itisassociatedwithlowerlevelsoftestosteroneandlesscriminalbehaviour.Lessmarriagemightmeanmorecrime.CanmarriageberevivedinAsia?Maybe,ifexpectationsofthoserolesofbothsexeschange;butshiftingtraditionalattitudesishard.Governmentscannotlegislateawaypopularprejudices.Theycan,though,encouragechange.Relaxingdivorcelawsmight,paradoxically,boostmarriage.Womenwhonowsteerclearofwedlockmightbemorewillingtotietheknotiftheyknowitcanbeuntied—notjustbecausetheycangetoutofthemarriageifitdoesn’twork,butalsobecausetheirfreedomtoleavemightkeeptheirhusbandsontheirtoes.Familylawshouldgivedivorcedwomenamoregenerousshareofthecouple’sassets.[A]FertilityinEastAsiahasfallenfrom5.3childrenperwomaninthelate1960sto1.6now.Incountrieswiththelowestmarriagerates,thefertilityrateisnearer1.0.Thatisbeginningtocausehugedemographicproblems,aspopulationsagewithstartlingspeed.[B]AsiangovernmentshavelongtakentheviewthatthesuperiorityoftheirfamilylifewasoneoftheirbigadvantagesovertheWest.Thatconfidenceisnolongerwarranted.Theyneedtowakeuptothehugesocialchangeshappeningintheircountriesandthinkabouthowtocopewiththeconsequences.[C]PeopletherenowmarryevenlaterthantheydointheWest.Themeanageofmarriageintherichestplaces—Japan,Taiwan,SouthKoreaandHongKong—hasrisensharplyinthepastfewdecades,toreach29-30forwomenand31-33formen.[D]Familylawshouldgivedivorcedwomenamoregenerousshareofthecouple’sassets.Governmentsshouldalsolegislatetogetemployerstoofferbothmaternalandpaternalleave,andprovideorsubsidisechildcare.Iftakingonsuchexpenseshelpedpromotefamilylife,itmightrecetheburdenonthestateoflookingaftertheold.[E]Overone-fifthofTaiwanesewomenintheirlate30saresingle;mostwillnevermarry.Insomeplaces,ratesofnon-marriageareespeciallystriking:inBangkok,20%of40-44-yearoldwomenarenotmarried;inTokyo,21%;amonguniversitygraatesofthatageinSingapore,27%.[F]InthewordsofLeeKuanYew,formerprimeministerofSingaporeandakeenadvocateofAsianvalues,theChinesefamilyencouraged“scholarshipandhardworkandthriftanddefermentofpresentenjoymentforfuturegain”.[G]Japanesewomen,whotypicallywork40hoursaweekintheoffice,thendo,onaverage,another30hoursofhousework.Theirhusbands,onaverage,dothreehours.AndAsianwomenwhogiveupworktolookafterchildrenfindithardtoreturnwhentheoffspringaregrown.Passage8IntheEnglish-speakingworld,peopleescapefromfryingpansintofires.InThailand,theproverbiscoucheddifferently:peoplearesaidtoescapefromtigersonlytobeeatenbycrocodiles.(1)_______________Withthatinmind,theBankofThailandraisedinterestratesonAugust24thfortheninthtimesincemid-2010.Butitwasasplitdecision.TheeconomicwoesofAmericaandEuropehavedarkenedAsia’smood.Somecanagainhearthetiger’sgrowl.Afterlastyear’sswiftrecoveryfromrecession,policymakersindevelopingAsiancountriescongratulatedthemselvesontheresilienceoftheireconomies.(2)_______________InApril2009theThaicentralbankcutratesto1.25%—lowerthaninmostAsianeconomies—alongsideafiscalpushworth3%ofGDP.Emergingeconomieswerehitharderthanoptimistsexpected,butrespondedbetterthanpessimistsfeared.Thatresiliencemaybetestedagainsoonerthananyonewouldhaveliked.Inannouncingitslatestratedecision,theBankofThailandnotedthedangersposedtotheeconomybyaslowdowninAmericaandEurope.(3)____________________ButthebankfoundconsolationinThailand’sgrowingsalestoitsneighboursandto“new”marketsfartherafield.LastyearChinaovertookAmericatobecomethecountry’sleadingcustomer.ThattrendisnotuniquetoThailand.MostofitsneighboursnowsellasmallershareoftheirexportstoAmericaandEuropethantheydidbeforethecrisis(seechart).Theprecisepercentagesmaybemisleading.TheseexportsincludepartsandcomponentsthatmayendupintheWest,afterfirstbeingassembledintofinalproctsinanothercountry.Butthereisnodenyingthetrend.Theregion’seconomiesarenot,then,asvulnerabletothetiger’sclawsastheywerein2008.Thecrocodile,ontheotherhand,isuncomfortablyclose.Thailand’sheadlineconsumer-priceinflation(4.1%intheyeartoJuly)wastoohighforthecentralbank’scomfort,butlowerthaninmanyofitsneighbours,suchasChina(6.5%),India,wherewholesalepricesroseby9.2%,orVietnam,whereconsumerpricesrosebyanalarming23%intheyeartoAugust.Asia’scampaignagainstinflationhasdraggedonlongerthanitscentralbankershoped.Higherfoodandcommoditypriceswereexpectedtodropoutoftheinflationfigureseventually,butinsteadseemtohaveleachedintootherconsumerprices.(4)________________ThebigexceptionsareTaiwan,wherethediscountrateislessthan1.9%,andSingapore,whichcarriesoutmonetarypolicybysettingapathfortheexchangerate,nottheinterestrate.WithratesinAmericaatrockbottom,andtheSingaporedollarsettostrengthenagainstitsAmericancounterpart,interestratesinSingaporeareextraordinarilylow.RecingrateswouldhelpAsia’seconomieswithstandamodestslowdownintheWest.GoldmanSachs,forexample,hascutits2011rateforecastforIndonesia,Malaysia,PhilippinesandTaiwan,buthasbarelytrimmeditsgrowthforecastsforthesecountries.(5)___________Afiscalresponsewoulddomoretobuoydemandintherestoftheworld,asitdidfrom2007to2009,whenbudgetbalancesdeterioratedmarkedlythroughouttheregion.Withluck,anotherstimuluspackagewillnotbenecessary.AmodestslowdownintheWestmighteventakethepressureoffpricesinAsia,withoutdoinguneharmtotheregion’sgrowth—acaseperhapsofthetigereatingthecrocodile.[A]Thailandremainshighlyexposedtoglobaltrade:exports,includingairconditioners,videocamerasandfridges,aswellastourism,accountedforover70%ofitsGDPin2010.[B]Butratecutswouldalsoweakentheregion’sexchangerates,sharpeningtheircompetitivenessanddoinglittletohelpeconomiesoutsideAsia.[C]Theirdocilebankingsystems,highsavingratesandhoardsofforeignexchangeshieldedthemfromtheworstofthefinancialchaos.Theireffortstotightenfiscalandmonetarypolicybeforethecrisisstruckgavethemroomtoloosenupinresponse,asexportscollapsedandconfidenceevaporated.[D]TheThaieconomy,likemanyinAsia,sprangfreefromthegreatrecessionsurprisinglyquickly.Thisyearthebiggerthreathasbeenthewideningjawsofinflation.[E]AmericawillovercomeitscurrenteconomicwoesandEuropewillmuddlethrough.[F]Oneconsequenceofthisprolongedfightisthatnominalinterestrateshavebeenraisedoffthefloor.Indonesia’spolicyrateisnow6.75%;India’sis8%.Thatgivescentralbankerssomeroomtocutiftheworldeconomysags.[G]Thailand’snewprimeminister,YingluckShinawatra,iscontemplatinganotherbudgetarysplurge.Butpolicymakerselsewherewillbereluctanttospilltheredinkagain.