2012考研英语（一）真题小作文范文

2012年全国硕士研究生英语(论坛)考试于1月7日下午进行，英语一考查建议信的写法，英语二应用文考察投诉信的写作。这个结果给我们传达2个消息，一是应用文的信件（letter）是两个考试永恒的重点。二

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附：2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题点击此处下载阅读[非教育部考试中心官方标准答案，仅供参考]客观题1-5ACBDD；6-10BACCA；11-15DBACA；16-20

附：2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题参考答案点击此处下载阅读[非教育部考试中心官方标准试题，仅供参考]SectionI UseofEnglishDirectio

2011考研英语考试已结束，备受关注的图画作文也终于揭开了面纱。整体来说，2011英语图画作文有以下两个特点：一、2011年考研英语图画作文的命题角度趋向回归早在2000年和1999年命题人就以非常

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA第一篇：AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzoz1.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin£220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asough-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,community.groupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown'speculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.21.【题干】Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"awardwould_____.【选项】A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritainB.promotecooperationamongBrainstownsC.increasetheeconomicstrengthofbrainstownsD.focusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents22.【题干】Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas_____.【选项】A.asensiblecompromiseB.aself-deceivingattempC.aneye-catchingbonusD.aninaccessibletarget23.【题干】Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit_____.【选项】A.endeavortomaintainitsimageB.meetstheaspirationofitspeopleC.bringsitslocalartstoprominenceD.commitstoitslong-termgrowth24.【题干】GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent_____.【选项】A.acontrastingcaseB.asupportingexampleC.abackgroundstoryD.arelatedtopic25.【题干】Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?_____【选项】A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.Critical第二篇：Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproctionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishinginstryisinexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpepersprocedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongisusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowarsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproctfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.26.【题干】Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney”partlybecause_____.【选项】A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincreaseB.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessfulC.itspaymentforpeerreviewisrecedD.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing27.【题干】AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave_____.【选项】A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibrariesB.gonethroughanexistentialcrisisC.revivedthepublishinginstryD.financedresearchersgenerously28.【题干】HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?_____【选项】A.RelievedB.PuzzledC.ConcernedD.Encouraged29.【题干】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms_____.【选项】A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoneyB.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientistsC.recethecostofpublicationsubstantiallyD.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens30.【题干】Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsthescientificpublishingmode?_____【选项】A.TrialsubscriptionisofferedB.LabourtriumphsoveratstusC.CostsarewellcontrolledD.Thefewfeedonthemany第三篇：Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,becausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldskirt"phenomenon.Wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.31.【题干】TheauthorbelieveshatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill_____.【选项】A.helplittletorecegenderbias.B.poseathreattothestategovernment.C.raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.D.greatlybroadencareeroptions.32.【题干】WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?_____【选项】A.Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.B.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.C.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.D.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.33.【题干】TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate_____.【选项】A.theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.B.theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.C.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.D.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.34.【题干】Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto_____.【选项】A.theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.B.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonbards.C.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.D.thegrowingtensionbetweenLaborandmanagement.35.【题干】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?_____【选项】A.Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.B.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.C.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.D.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.【答案】B第四篇：LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata.andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanieswhichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax).Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationataxsystem.France'splannedtaxisaclearwaning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem.othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.36.【题干】TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto_____.【选项】A.regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.B.protectFrenchcompanies'interests.C.imposealevyontechmultinationals.D.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.37.【题干】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax_____.【选项】A.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.B.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.C.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.D.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.38.【题干】Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat_____.【选项】A.redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.B.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgradingC.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.D.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.39.【题干】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECO'scurrentwork_____.【选项】A.isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.B.needstobereadjustedimmediately.C.isfacedwithuncertainprospects.D.needstoinvolvemorecountries.40.【题干】Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?_____【选项】A.FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsB.FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTaxC.FranceSays"No"toTechMutinationalsD.FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartBPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromtheA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:41._____Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inalthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom."Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.42._____NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.43._____Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations."Whetheryou'reapoliticianorparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.44._____Whenwelookatafaceorpicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45._____Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues."Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer."Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.A.EyefixationsarebriefB.ToomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttorudeC.EyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalD.PersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactE.BiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigatedF.MostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangersG.Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G41.__________42..__________43.__________44..__________45.__________