计算机应用技术专业2018考研院校排名

>2018考研交流群586254585以下是为各位同学准备的“计算机软件与理论专业2018考研院校排名”，各位报考相关方向的同学可以进行关注，希望对大家有帮助！ 

>2018考研交流群586254585以下是为各位同学准备的“计算机系统结构专业2018考研院校排名”，各位报考相关方向的同学可以进行关注，希望对大家有帮助！排名

>2018考研交流群586254585以下是为各位同学准备的“计算机科学与技术专业2018考研院校排名”，各位报考相关方向的同学可以进行关注，希望对大家有帮助！排序

>2018考研交流群586254585以下是为大家准备的“2018考研：计算机专业发展前景分析”的相关内容，希望对同学们择校有所帮助。计算机科学与技术专业属于一级学科，下设计

>2018考研交流群586254585以下是为各位同学准备的“2018计算机考研常用参考书目推荐”，各位报考相关方向的同学可以进行关注，希望对大家有帮助！一、数据结构严蔚敏、

WouldaWork-FreeWorldBeSoBad?Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork,andtodayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivistsonceagainwarningthattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedbyinequality:Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferent,lessparanoid,andnotmutuallyexclusivepredictionholdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,onecharacterizedbypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlivesmeaning,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.Indeed,today’sunemployeddon’tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletherateforworkingAmericans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhattheexplanationforrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddictionamongpoorly-ecated,middle-agedpeopleisashortageofwell-paidjobs.Anotherstudyshowsthatpeopleareoftenhappieratworkthanintheirfreetime.Perhapsthisiswhymanyworryabouttheagonizingllnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn’tnecessarilyfollowfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithmalaise.Suchvisionsarebasedonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Intheabsenceofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcouldyieldstrikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.Today,thevirtueofworkmaybeabitoverblown.“Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andasquanderingofhumanpotential,”saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalwaywhohaswrittenaboutaworldwithoutwork.“Globalsurveysfindthatthevastmajorityofpeopleareunhappyatwork.”Thesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelativelyscarceformostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotionaldemandsoftheirjobs.“WhenIcomehomefromahardday’swork,Ioftenfeeltired,”Danahersays,adding,“InaworldinwhichIdon’thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent”—perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimselfintoahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedforprofessionalmatters.Havingajobcanprovideameasureoffinancialstability,butinadditiontostressingoverhowtocoverlife’snecessities,today’sjoblessarefrequentlymadetofeellikesocialoutcasts.“Peoplewhoavoidworkareviewedasparasitesandleeches,”Danahersays.Perhapsasaresultofthisculturalattitude,formostpeople,self-esteemandidentityaretiedupintricatelywiththeirjob,orlackofjob.Plus,inmanymodern-daysocieties,unemploymentcanalsobedownrightboring.Americantownsandcitiesaren’treallybuiltforlotsoffreetime:Publicspacestendtobesmallislandsinseasofprivateproperty,andtherearen’tmanyplaceswithoutentryfeeswherealtscanmeetnewpeopleorcomeupwithwaystoentertainoneanother.Therootsofthisboredommayrunevendeeper.PeterGray,aprofessorofpsychologyatBostonCollegewhostudiestheconceptofplay,thinksthatifworkdisappearedtomorrow,peoplemightbeatalossforthingstodo,growingboredanddepressedbecausetheyhaveforgottenhowtoplay.“Weteachchildrenadistinctionbetweenplayandwork,”Grayexplains.“Workissomethingthatyoudon’twanttodobutyouhavetodo.”Hesaysthistraining,whichstartsinschool,eventually“drillstheplay”outofmanychildren,whogrowuptobealtswhoareaimlesswhenpresentedwithfreetime.“Sometimespeopleretirefromtheirwork,andtheydon’tknowwhattodo,”Graysays.“They’velosttheabilitytocreatetheirownactivities.”It’saproblemthatneverseemstoplagueyoungchildren.“Therearenothree-year-oldsthataregoingtobelazyanddepressedbecausetheydon’thaveastructuredactivity,”hesays.Butneeditbethisway?Work-freesocietiesaremorethanjustathoughtexperiment—they’veexistedthroughouthumanhistory.Considerhunter-gatherers,whohavenobosses,paychecks,oreight-hourworkdays.Tenthousandyearsago,allhumanswerehunter-gatherers,andsomestillare.DanielEverett,ananthropologistatBentleyUniversity,inMassachusetts,studiedagroupofhunter-gathersintheAmazoncalledthePirahãforyears.AccordingtoEverett,whilesomemightconsiderhuntingandgatheringwork,hunter-gatherersdon’t.“Theythinkofitasfun,”hesays.“Theydon’thaveaconceptofworkthewaywedo.”“It’saprettylaid-backlifemostofthetime,”Everettsays.HedescribedatypicaldayforthePirahã:Amanmightgetup,spendafewhourscanoeingandfishing,haveabarbecue,goforaswim,bringfishbacktohisfamily,andplayuntiltheevening.Suchsubsistencelivingissurelynotwithoutitsownsetofworries,buttheanthropologistMarshallSahlinsarguedina1968essaythathunter-gathersbelongedto“theoriginalaffluentsociety,”seeingastheyonly“worked”afewhoursaday;EverettestimatesthatPirahãaltsonaverageworkabout20hoursaweek(nottomentionwithoutbossespeeringovertheirshoulders).Meanwhile,accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,theaverageemployedAmericanwithchildrenworksaboutninehoursaday.Doesthisleisurelylifeleadtothedepressionandpurposelessnessseenamongsomanyoftoday’sunemployed?“I’veneverseenanythingremotelylikedepressionthere,exceptpeoplewhoarephysicallyill,”Everettsays.“Theyhaveablast.Theyplayallthetime.”Whilemanymayconsiderworkastapleofhumanlife,workasitexiststodayisarelativelynewinventioninthecourseofthousandsofyearsofhumanculture.“Wethinkit’sbadtojustsitaroundwithnothingtodo,”saysEverett.“ForthePirahã,it’squiteadesirablestate.”Graylikenstheseaspectsofthehunter-gathererlifestyletothecarefreeadventuresofmanychildrenindevelopedcountries,whoatsomepointinlifeareexpectedtoputawaychildishthings.Butthathasn’talwaysbeenthecase.AccordingtoGaryCross’s1990bookASocialHistoryofLeisureSince1600,freetimeintheU.S.lookedquitedifferentbeforethe18thand19thcenturies.Farmers—whichwasafairwaytodescribeahugenumberofAmericansatthattime—mixedworkandplayintheirdailylives.Therewerenomanagersoroverseers,sotheywouldswitchfluidlybetweenworking,takingbreaks,joininginneighborhoodgames,playingpranks,andspendingtimewithfamilyandfriends.Nottomentionfestivalsandothergatherings:France,forinstance,had84holidaysayearin1700,andweatherkeptthemfromfarminganother80orsodaysayear.Thisallchanged,writesCross,ringtheInstrialRevolution,whichreplacedfarmswithfactoriesandfarmerswithemployees.Factoryownerscreatedamorerigidlyscheledenvironmentthatclearlydividedworkfromplay.Meanwhile,clocks—whichwerebecomingwidespreadatthattime—begantogivelifeaquickerpace,andreligiousleaders,whotraditionallyendorsedmostfestivities,startedassociatingleisurewithsinandtriedtoreplacerowdyfestivalswithsermons.Asworkersstartedmovingintocities,familiesnolongerspenttheirdaystogetheronthefarm.Instead,menworkedinfactories,womenstayedhomeorworkedinfactories,andchildrenwenttoschool,stayedhome,orworkedinfactoriestoo.Duringtheworkday,familiesbecamephysicallyseparated,whichaffectedthewaypeopleentertainedthemselves:Altsstoppedplaying“childish”gamesandsports,andthestreetsweremostlywipedcleanoffun,asmiddle-andupper-classfamiliesfoundworking-classactivitieslikecockfightinganddicegamesdistasteful.Manysuchdiversionsweresoonoutlawed.Withworkers’oldoutletsforplayhavingdisappearedinahazeoffactorysmoke,manyofthemturnedtonew,moreurbanones.Barsbecamearefugewheretiredworkersdrankandwatchedliveshowswithsinginganddancing.IffreetimemeansbeerandTVtoalotofAmericans,thismightbewhy.Attimes,developedsocietieshave,foraprivilegedfew,procedlifestylesthatwerenearlyasplay-filledashunter-gatherers’.Throughouthistory,aristocratswhoearnedtheirincomesimplybyowninglandspentonlyatinyportionoftheirtimemindingfinancialexigencies.AccordingtoRandolphTrumbach,aprofessorofhistoryatBaruchCollege,18th-centuryEnglisharistocratsspenttheirdaysvisitingfriends,eatingelaboratemeals,hostingsalons,hunting,writingletters,fishing,andgoingtochurch.Theyalsospentagooddealoftimeparticipatinginpolitics,withoutpay.Theirchildrenwouldlearntodance,playinstruments,speakforeignlanguages,andreadLatin.Russiannoblesfrequentlybecameintellectuals,writers,andartists.“Asa17th-centuryaristocratsaid,‘Wesitdowntoeatandriseuptoplay,forwhatisagentlemanbuthispleasure?’”Trumbachsays.It’sunlikelythataworldwithoutworkwouldbeabundantenoughtoprovideeveryonewithsuchlavishlifestyles.ButGrayinsiststhatinjectinganyamountofadditionalplayintopeople’sliveswouldbeagoodthing,because,contrarytothat17th-centuryaristocrat,playisaboutmorethanpleasure.Throughplay,Graysays,children(aswellasalts)learnhowtostrategize,createnewmentalconnections,expresstheircreativity,cooperate,overcomenarcissism,andgetalongwithotherpeople.“Malemammalstypicallyhavedifficultylivingincloseproximitytoeachother,”hesays,andplay’sharmony-promotingpropertiesmayexplainwhyitcametobesocentraltohunter-gatherersocieties.Whilemostoftoday’saltsmayhaveforgottenhowtoplay,Graydoesn’tbelieveit’sanunrecoverableskill:It’snotuncommon,hesays,forgrandparentstore-learntheconceptofplayafterspendingtimewiththeiryounggrandchildren.Whenpeopleponderthenatureofaworldwithoutwork,theyoftentransposepresent-dayassumptionsaboutlaborandleisureontoafuturewheretheymightnolongerapply;ifautomationdoesenduprenderingagoodportionofhumanlaborunnecessary,suchasocietymightexistoncompletelydifferenttermsthansocietiesdotoday.Sowhatmightawork-freeU.S.looklike?Grayhassomeideas.School,foronething,wouldbeverydifferent.“Ithinkoursystemofschoolingwouldcompletelyfallbythewayside,”saysGray.“Theprimarypurposeoftheecationalsystemistoteachpeopletowork.Idon’tthinkanybodywouldwanttoputourkidsthroughwhatweputourkidsthroughnow.”Instead,Graysuggeststhatteacherscouldbuildlessonsaroundwhatstudentsaremostcuriousabout.Or,perhaps,formalschoolingwoulddisappearaltogether.Trumbach,meanwhile,wondersifschoolingwouldbecomemoreaboutteachingchildrentobeleaders,ratherthanworkers,throughsubjectslikephilosophyandrhetoric.Healsothinksthatpeoplemightparticipateinpoliticalandpubliclifemore,likearistocratsofyore.“Ifgreaternumbersofpeoplewereusingtheirleisuretorunthecountry,thatwouldgivepeopleasenseofpurpose,”saysTrumbach.Sociallifemightlookalotdifferenttoo.SincetheInstrialRevolution,mothers,fathers,andchildrenhavespentmostoftheirwakinghoursapart.Inawork-freeworld,peopleofdifferentagesmightcometogetheragain.“Wewouldbecomemuchlessisolatedfromeachother,”Grayimagines,perhapsalittleoptimistically.“Whenamomishavingababy,everybodyintheneighborhoodwouldwanttohelpthatmom.”Researchershavefoundthathavingcloserelationshipsisthenumber-onepredictorofhappiness,andthesocialconnectionsthatawork-freeworldmightenablecouldwelldisplacetheaimlessnessthatsomanyfuturistspredict.Ingeneral,withoutwork,Graythinkspeoplewouldbemorelikelytopursuetheirpassions,getinvolvedinthearts,andvisitfriends.Perhapsleisurewouldceasetobeaboutunwindingafteraperiodofhardwork,andwouldinsteadbecomeamorecolorful,variedthing.“Wewouldn’thavetobeasself-orientedaswethinkwehavetobenow,”hesays.“Ibelievewewouldbecomemorehuman.”新题型ThesurprisingtruthaboutAmericanmanufacturingThedeclineinAmericanmanufacturingisacommonrefrain,particularlyfromDonaldTrump.“Wedon’tmakeanythinganymore,”hetoldFoxNewslastOctober,whiledefendinghisownmade-in-Mexicoclothingline.OnTuesday,inrustbeltPennsylvania,hedoubleddown,sayingthathehad"visitedcitiesandtownsacrossthiscountrywhereathirdorevenhalfofmanufacturingjobshavebeenwipedoutinthelast20years."ThePacifictradedeal,headded,"wouldbethedeathblowforAmericanmanufacturing."Withoutquestion,manufacturinghastakenasignificanthitringrecentdecades,andfurthertradedealsraisequestionsaboutwhethernewshockscouldhitmanufacturing.Butthereisalsoadifferentwaytolookatthedata.Inreality,UnitedStatesmanufacturingoutputisatanall-timehigh,worth$2.2trillionin2015,upfrom$1.7trillionin2009.Andwhiletotalemploymenthasfallenbynearlyathirdsince1970,thejobsthatremainareincreasinglyskilled.Acrossthecountry,factoryownersarenowgrapplingwithanewchallenge:Insteadofhavingtoomanyworkers,astheydidringtheGreatRecession,theymayendupwithtoofew.Despitetradecompetitionandoutsourcing,Americanmanufacturingstillneedstoreplacetensofthousandsofretiringboomerseveryyear.Millennialsmaynotbethatinterestedintakingtheirplace.Otherinstriesarerecruitingthemwithsimilarorbetterpay.Andthoseinstriesdon’thavethestigmaof40yearsofrecurringlayoffsanddownsizing.“We’veneverhadsomuchattentionfrommanufacturers.They’recallingandsaying:‘Canwemeetyourstudents?’They’reasking,‘Whyaren’ttheylookingatmyjobpostings?'”saysJulieParks,executivedirectorofworkforcetrainingatGrandRapidsCommunityCollegeinwesternMichigan.Theregionisamicrocosmofthenationalchallenge.Unemploymenthereislow(around3percent,comparedwithastatewideaverageof5percent).Therearen’tmanyextraworkerswaitingforajob.Andtheneedishigh:1in5peopleworkinmanufacturing,churningoutautoparts,machinery,plastics,officefurniture,andmedicaldevices.Otherinstries,includingagribusinessandlifesciences,arevyingforthesameworkers.Forfactoryowners,italladdsuptostiffcompetitionforworkers–andupwardpressureonwages.“They’rehardertofindandtheyhavejoboffers,”saysJayDunwell,presidentofWolverineCoilSpring,afamily-ownedfirm.“Theymaybecoming[intotheworkforce],butthey’vebeenpluckedbyotherinstriesthatarealsodoingaswellasmanufacturing,”Mr.Dunwellhasbegunbringinghighschooljuniorstothefactorysotheycangetexposedtoitsculture.Heisalsopartofapublic-privateinitiativetopromotemanufacturingtostudentsthatincludesjobfairsandsendingamobiledemonstrationvehicletoruralschools.Oneoftheirmessagesisthatfactoriesarenolongerdark,dirty,anddangerous;computer-runsystemsarethenormandrecruitscanreceiveapprenticeshipsthatincludepaid-forcollegeclasses.AtRoManManufacturing,amakerofelectricaltransformersandweldingequipmentthathisfathercofoundedin1980,RobertRothkeepsacloseeyeontheageofhisnearly200workers.Fiveareretiringthisyear.Mr.Rothhasthreecommunity-collegestudentsenrolledinawork-placementprogram,withastartingwageof$13anhourthatrisesto$17aftertwoyears.Ataworktableinsidethetransformerplant,youngJasonStenquistlooksflusteredbythecoppercoilshe’stryingtoassembleandthearrivaloftwovisitors.It’shisfirstweekonthejob;thisishisfirstencounterwithRoth,hisboss.Askedabouthischoiceofcareer,hesaysathighschoolheconsideredmedicalschoolbeforeswitchingtoelectricalengineering.“Iloveworkingwithtools.Ilovecreating,”hesays.Buttowinovertheseyoungworkers,manufacturershavetoclearanothermajorhurdle:parents,wholivedthroughtheworstUSeconomicdownturnsincetheGreatDepression,tellingthemtoavoidthefactory.Millennials“remembertheirfatherandmotherbothwerelaidoff.Theyblameitonthemanufacturingrecession,”saysBirgitKlohs,chiefexecutiveofTheRightPlace,abusinessdevelopmentagencyforwesternMichigan.Theseconcernsaren’tmisplaced:Employmentinmanufacturinghasfallenfrom17millionin1970to12millionin2015.Thesteepestdeclinescameafter2001,whenChinagainedentrytotheWorldTradeOrganizationandrampedupexportsofconsumergoodstotheUSandotherrichcountries.Inareasexposedtoforeigntrade,everyadditional$1,000ofimportsperworkermeanta$550annualdropinhouseholdincomeperworking-agealt,accordingtoa2013studyintheAmericanEconomicReview.Andunemployment,SocialSecurity,andothergovernmentbenefitswentup$60perperson.The2008-09recessionwasanotherblow.Andadvancesincomputingandroboticsoffernewwaysforfactoryownerstoincreaseproctivityusingfewerworkers.Whentherecoverybegan,workershortagesfirstappearedinthehigh-skilledtrades.Electricians,plumbers,andpipefittersareininshortsupplyacrossMichiganandelsewhere;vocationalschoolsandunion-runapprenticeshipsaren’tkeepingpacewithdemandandoldertradespeopleareleavingtheworkforce.Nowshortagesareappearingatthemid-skilllevels.“Thegapisbetweenthejobsthattakenoskillsandthosethatrequirealotofskill,”saysRobSpohr,abusinessprofessoratMontcalmCommunityCollegeanhourfromGrandRapids.“There’senoughpeopletofillthejobsatMcDonaldsandotherplaceswhereyoudon’tneedtohavemuchskill.It’sthatgapinbetween,andthat’swheretheproblemis.”Ms.ParksofGrandRapidsCommunityCollegepointstoanotherkeytoluringMillennialsintomanufacturing:awork/lifebalance.Whiletheirparentswerecontenttoworklonghours,youngpeoplevalueflexibility.“Overtimeisnotattractivetothisgeneration.Theyreallywanttolivetheirlives,”shesays.Rothsayshegetsthisdistinction.AtRoMan,workerscansettheirownhoursontheirshift,choosingtostartearlierorendlater,providedtheygetthejobdone.Thatthefactoryfloorisn’tastandardassemblyline–everythingiscustom-builtforinstrialclients–makesiteasiertodropthepunch-clocks.“Peoplehavelivesoutside,”Rothsays.“It’snotalwayseasytoscheledoctors’appointmentsarounda‘punch-inat7andleaveat3:30’schele.”WhilefactoryownerslikeRothliketostresstheflexibilityofmanufacturingcareers,oneaspectisnonnegotiable:location.Millennialslookingforajobthatallowthemtoworkfromhomearenotlikelytogetacallback."I'mnotputtingamachinetoolinyourgarage,"saysRoth.

李旭：各位同学大家好!欢迎大家来到新东方在线。同学们，我估计这个时候能听我给大家做直播的有两类人，一类打算明年考试的，另外一类刚刚走出考场。我四点半交卷离开考场了。感觉特别潇洒。这次考研又落下帷幕，

2017年考研英语刚刚结束，总体而言，2017考研英语二试题难度适中，没有极偏极难的题目出现。我们发现考研英语越来越关注社会话题。在这里我们来着重聊一聊今年考研英语二作文的整体情况。今年英语二大作文

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