2021年考研英语一试题原文（文字完整版）

SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，C，orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetcrailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual：everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises，imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise，anaverageof2.7percent，maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's，butitisstilwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit，ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayeiWhy，theargumentgoes，shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokeifromSurrey?Equally，thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast.manyofwhomwilfaceamongthebiggestrises，havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However，overthepast12months，thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementsthearemakingtothenetwork.butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However，thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyinstrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroceaminimumservicerequirementsothat，evenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawideipackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes，moreinvestmentisneeded，butpassengerswillsnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoenrecrampedunreliableservices.punctuatedbyregularchaoswhertimetablesarechanged，orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenoflfornow.butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfaresA.willeasetrainoperation'sburdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainson22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandforA.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperatorsA.areofferingcompensationstocommutersB.aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionslC.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesourceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes24..(缺)25..(缺)Text2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.In2007，Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions，suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs，thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpovertyThey'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia，theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infactpovertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals，saysPaulFerraro，aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation，whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However，thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality，basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs，supportedthetraditionalview.There，aspeoplegotmoremoney，someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat，Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment，though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingringIndonesia'sphase—inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7，468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors，likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges，whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat，"weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentrectionindeforestation，"Ferrarosays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather，Ferrarosays.Typically，ilrainsaredelayed，peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetasupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs，indivialsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability，thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforvalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.Accordingtothefisttwoparagraphs，CCTprogramsaimtoA.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocalecationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthatA.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia，FerrarointendstofindoutA.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.29.AccordingtoFerraro，theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthatA.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproction.30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextorimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).l'vefoundquiteafew，and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould，anddid，laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse，Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900，themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops，orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s，intheearlydaysofphotography，exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong：thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(procinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete，resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaltieswastoomuchtocontemplate，andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroctionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards，theexposurewasalmostcinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth，ranonepopularVictoriansaying，alludingto.thefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry，mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean，regular'pearlywhites'wasararesightinVictoriansociety，thepreserveofeythesuper-rich(andeventhedentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackened.edteeth)lackedclass：drunks，trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrol'sgum-exposingseveralminutestocomplete，resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaltieswastoomuchptocontemplate，andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroctionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat，thoughslowbytoday‘sdigitastandards，theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.CheshireCat，butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain，amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh，saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly，foolishsmilefixedforever.31.AccordingtoParagraph1，theauthor’spostsonTwitterA.Changedpeople'esimpressionoftheVictoriansB.highlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.32.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialeconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswasA.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.Cacontroversialview.D.athought-provokingidea.35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmlinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband，advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoiaffliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals’.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline，preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofll-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders，anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday，butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution，itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality，adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015，butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior，suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday，theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders，citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMilettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice，"andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappinginternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime，thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality，whilepreservingthecommission'spoweitopreemptindivialstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia，whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules，theFCCA.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecisionA.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithreality.40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingarticle，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.FoiQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtcfitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Inthemovicesandontelevivion,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness，weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtcautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs，butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceinstriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches，which，ratherthaneliminatingITjobs，actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers，becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees.BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat，naturally，theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes，"saysPedroDomingos，authorofTheMasterAlgorithon：HowtheQustfortheUltimatelearningMachineWilReambeOurWorldandacomputerscience41__Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK，Phrasee，claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.42__Theseare"toolsthathelppeopleusedata，notareplacementforpeople，”saysPatrickH.Winston，aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersrecetheirelectricitybills，savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironmentCompaniescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies，meanwhile，canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.“Beforetheymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch，saysDomingos，43___Improvedaccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatisticswhichmakesdatamorevaluable，"saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”44______ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies，particularlyinenergyandtransportation，useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem，it'sveryexpensive，"saysDomingos.“45___A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch，youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm，EY，usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts，isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio，whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords，Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before，theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch，ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto，andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)46.Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantan3%-5%oftherelevantagegroupsringthedecadesbeforethewar.47.Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesofentrytohigheecationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.48.InmanycountriesofwesternEup.thenumbersofstudentinhigherecationdoubledwithinfive-yearsperiodsringthe1960sanddoubleagaininseveneightor10yearsbythemiddleof1970s.49.andwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompastgraatestudy，theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.50.Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation，theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.英语一小作文SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions：AforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobinChina.WritehimIheranemailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use“LiMingopen"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)英语一大作文PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay，youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly，2)explainitsintendedmeaning，andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)